許多同學在閱讀時經常發現有這樣一個現象:為什麼我拿到一個句子,乍一看每個單詞都認識,但連起來卻不知所云了。
這一現象背後的原因有許多,一大問題是語法,另一大問題便是熟詞僻義。什麼是熟詞僻義呢? 熟詞僻義指的是一個你熟悉的單詞包含著對你來說生僻的意思。
比如我們在紐約時報:反壟斷法出手,阿里巴巴要涼了?講過的:
trust 除了表示「信任」,還有「託拉斯,壟斷組織」的意思。
landscape 除了「風景」,還有「局勢」的意思。
還有我們在英美劇裡那些你最熟悉的陌生人裡講過的:
locks 不僅可以指「鎖」,還有「頭髮」的意思。
chicken 不僅可以指「雞」, 還可作動詞,短語chicken out 表示「害怕,臨陣退縮」。
如果不了解熟詞僻義,你在閱讀的時候就會想當然的認為:簡單!這個單詞我都認識!但實際上你根本沒有真正地認識這些詞,完全誤解了原句要表達的意思。
這些熟詞僻義特別迷惑人,大家以後在閱讀過程中,要勤查詞典,不要以為背好詞彙大綱裡的5500個詞就夠了,不然,考試的時候,一不小心就掉進出題老師的坑裡。
今天分享給大家10個高頻常考的熟詞僻義。這些詞都是我在英美劇、外刊、考研、雅思託福真題裡多次遇到的,請大家重點掌握。我們一起來看。
sound 是一個小學生詞彙,大家都認識,作名詞指「聲音」,作動詞,指「聽」。
但很多同學都不知道,sound還可以作形容詞。
當sound作形容詞時,有兩個比較常見的意思:
1.表示「正確的,合理的,可靠的,明智的」(Sound advice, reasoning, or evidence is reliable and sensible),用於形容建議、推理或者證據。
上圖臺詞中的這句話:The plan seems sound.便是此義。
再舉個例子,《經濟學人》一篇文章曾這樣評價眼保健操:
The practice has its origins in traditional Chinese medicine. As with many remedies of such provenance, there is no sound evidence that it works.
這種方法源於中醫。和源於中醫的許多療法一樣,沒有確鑿的證據能證明眼保健操的作用。
2.表示「健康的,健全的,堅固的」(If a structure, part of someone's body, or someone's mind is sound, it is in good condition or healthy.)。比如:
His body was still sound.他的身體仍然硬朗。
When we bought the house, it was structurally sound.我們買下這棟房子的時候,它的結構還非常堅固。
We arrived home safe and sound.我們安然無恙地到了家。 (這句話中safe and sound為形容詞短語,作句子的狀語)。
順便提一下,Taylor swift有一很好聽的首歌就叫Safe and sound,推薦!
be of sound mind是一個慣用詞組,表示「神智健全」。電影《利刃出鞘》裡就出現了這個用法:
再比如,《經濟學人》一篇關於疫情對世界經濟影響的文章也用到了sound這個詞:The world economy that went into retreat in March as covid-19 threatened lives was one that looked sound and strong.在疫情威脅生命的影響下,曾經看起來強勁而穩健的世界經濟在3月陷入衰退。順便講一講sound作動詞時的兩個用法:
1.sound the alarm
表示「拉響警報,發出警報」。這是外刊中出鏡率很高的短語,尤其是在與疫情相關的文章中。
《紐約時報》一篇關於英國變異病毒的文章就用到了這個詞:《經濟學人》一篇關於中國雞娃家長的文章也用到了這個詞:
考研英語一 2010 Text 3裡也出現過這一用法:
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the 「two step flow of communication」: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. 人們之所以認為影響人士很重要,是源於「兩級傳播」理論。即信息先從媒體流向影響力人士,然後再從影響力人士流向其他人。
spare也是一個百變的小妖精,可以作名詞、動詞、形容詞。spare 作名詞,指「備用的東西,備用品;備用輪胎」。比如:
to get the spare out of the boot / trunk 從汽車行李箱中取出備用輪胎
I've lost my key and I haven't got a spare. 我把鑰匙丟了,還沒有備用的。
而複數名詞spares表示「零件,配件」。
He is bound to have a spare.
spare 作動詞,有下面幾個常見意思:
1.表示「騰出,抽出」。
I'd love to have a break, but I can't spare the time just now. 我是想休息一下,可眼下找不出時間。
We can only spare one room for you. 我們只能給你騰出一個房間。
Surely you can spare me a few minutes? 你應該能為我空出幾分鐘時間吧?
2.表示「省去,免去」。
慣用搭配是spare sb sth, spare sb from sth,表示「讓某人免去...」。
這個短語很多同學不熟悉,我們來多看幾個例句:
He wanted to spare his mother any anxiety. 他不想讓母親有絲毫的擔憂。
Please spare me the gruesome details. 那些讓人毛骨悚然的細節就請你不要講了。
You could have spared yourself an unnecessary trip by phoning in advance. 你要是先打個電話就用不著跑這一趟了。
A driverless deus ex machina might seem to spare governments some difficult decisions.無人駕駛這個救星看起來好像可以讓政府少做幾個困難的決定。(The Economist)
In 2017 ikea bought TaskRabbit, a gig-economy startup that can spare customers the grief of assembling furniture with an Allen key and a wordless instruction manual.2017 年,宜家收購了 TaskRabbit,這家零工經濟創業公司可以為客戶消除使用內六角扳手和參照無文字安裝手冊來組裝家具的煩惱。(The Economist)
This is the story I told our parents to spare them further pain.
You can spare him the details.
3.表示「 饒恕;赦免;放過;使逃脫」,慣用搭配是spare sb/sth, spare sb/sth from sth。
They killed the men but spared the children. 他們殺了大人,但留下了孩子。
During the bombing only one house was spared.在轟炸中,只有一座房子倖免。
4.spare no effort to do sth 表示「不遺餘力做某事」spare no expense to do sth 表示「不惜工本做某事」。比如:He spared no effort to make her happy again. 為使她重新快樂起來,他想盡了辦法。
5.短語spare one's feelings 是口語裡高頻詞,免去某人的感情,放過某人的感情,意思是「避免讓某人難過」。
But all anyone has to do is exercise reasonable precautions.
episode 是「一集」的意思。我們平時見到的S1E1,完整的說法是Season 1 Episode 1 第一季第一集。
episode 這個詞還有一個高頻的含義,表示「一段經歷;一段時期;一段插曲」(an event or a short period of time during which something happens)。比如:
I'd like to try and forget the whole episode. 我倒想儘量把那段經歷全部忘掉。
Unfortunately it was a rather sordid episode of my life.
不幸的是,這是我人生中非常不光彩的一段經歷。
我們在「酒桌文化」是全世界共有的嗎?這篇文章裡也遇見過這個詞:
The employee recounted his experience on WeChat, a Chinese messaging app. But the episode really took off on social media when the bank apologized on Monday to the employee, whom it identified only by his last name, Yang.
outfit 大家比較熟悉的意思是「服裝」,尤其是指特殊場合穿的服裝,比如
She was wearing an outfit she'd bought the previous day.I spent lots of money on smart new outfits for work.Steve Jobs was famous for wearing the same outfit--black polo neck, jeans and trainers-every day.
史蒂夫·賈伯斯以每天穿同樣的衣服而聞名——黑色圓高翻領衫、牛仔褲和運動鞋。
除此之外,outfit還有兩個意思:
1.表示「機構,組織」。
Air Force officials praise SpaceX among smaller new private outfits for introducing competition that is helping to bring down launch prices.
2.表示一起工作的「一群人,全班人馬」。
My outfit was sent to Italy during the war. 我的一班隊友在戰爭期間都被派往義大利。
a small advertising outfit in Shanghai 上海的廣告人員小組order 作動詞,除了表示「命令」,還可以指「組織,安排,整理」,可以和它的名詞含義「順序」聯繫起來記憶。比如:
I need time to order my thoughts. 我需要時間梳理一下思路。
形容詞ordered 表示「精心安排的;組織有序的」(carefully arranged or organized)。比如:
an ordered existence 井井有條的生活
a well-ordered society 井然有序的社會
反義詞disordered 表示「雜亂的;混亂的;凌亂的」( showing a lack of order or control),也可「失調的,紊亂的,錯亂的」(suffering from a mental or physical disorder )。
bill 可以作名詞,有「帳單」、「法案,議案」的意思,大家都很熟悉。比如:to introduce / approve / reject a bill 提出 / 通過 / 否決一項議案 the Education Reform Bill 教育改革法案 bill 還可以作動詞, 表示「給...開帳單,發帳單」要求付款。慣用搭配是bill sb for sth。除此之外,bill還可表示「宣傳」。
be billed to do sth 指「被宣傳將會做某事」
be billed as sth 指 「被宣傳為」。
On Wednesday morning, Luckin Coffee, which had been billed as the Starbucks of China, announced that it was commencing an internal investigation into allegations that an executive had been 「fabricating certain transactions」.
周三上午,有「中國星巴克」之稱的瑞幸咖啡(Luckin Coffee)宣布,將對一名高管涉嫌「某些交易造假」的指控展開內部調查。(Financial Times)
The doctors who bill you while you're unconcious.
You can totally bill me for this hour.
That's great, because I fit the bill.
fair 作形容詞時的含義很豐富,除了我們熟知的「公平的」的意思,再擴展一個熟詞僻義:
表示「淺色的,白皙的」( pale in colour)。比如:
a fair complexion 白皙的膚色
She has long fair hair. 她有一頭淺色長髮。
All her children are fair.她的孩子們都長著淡色的頭髮。
我們在丁真一夜爆紅,外刊怎麼看?也遇見過這個詞:
Dorji Tashi, who lives in Litang County in southwestern Sichuan province’s Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, has been described as 「the smile from the world’s highlands」 by netizens weary of the cookie-cutter xiao xian rou, or 「little fresh meat,」 celebrity idols they’re used to seeing online, characterized by their fair skin, boyish faces, and expensive haircuts.
丁真生活在四川省甘孜藏族自治州理塘縣,被網友們盛讚為「來自世界高城的微笑」。網友們厭倦了千篇一律的「小鮮肉」,這些他們常在網絡上看到的偶像往往皮膚白皙,長相俊俏,頂著昂貴的髮型。
school 作名詞時,除了表示「學校」,還有兩個熟詞僻義: