為了進一步宣傳未成年人保護相關法律，長寧區法宣辦、虹橋街道全國人大法工委基層立法點、上海對外經貿大學法學院共同為轄區內的外籍未成年人，帶來了涉外未成年人保護雙語問答，讓孩子們上好「開學法治第一課」。
本期主題
外籍未成年人未經其監護人同意打賞網絡主播的法律行為有效嗎？
#1 案情簡介
來自英國的邁克今年12歲，現已在中國居住1年。新冠疫情期間，邁克趁其母親不備，偷拿母親的手機在某直播平臺打賞某遊戲主播共計5.2萬元，邁克母親能否要求該平臺返還該筆打賞？
#2 案例分析
邁克通過在平臺購買虛擬禮物打賞主播5.2萬元的行為，與直播平臺與主播之間成立法律合同，其具體行為是對上述合同的履行。雖然邁克來自英國，但其長期居住在中國，依據《中華人民共和國涉外民事關係法律適用法》第八條，第十二條及四十一條，邁克為限制民事行為能力人，該合同法律關係應適用我國法律。依據最高人民法院《關於依法妥善審理涉新冠肺炎疫情民事案件若干問題的指導意見（二）》第九條，邁克未經其監護人同意，通過網絡直播平臺打賞方式的該項支出與其年齡、智力不相適應，邁克的母親可拒絕追認這一民事法律行為，可以請求網絡服務提供者返還該款項。
本案中，邁克已經12歲，屬於八周歲以上的未成年人，可以獨立實施與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為，法定代理人也可以追認其所實施的民事法律行為。但對於不滿八周歲的未成年人，其不具有做出民事意思表示的行為能力，只能由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。因此當不滿八周歲的未成年人偷拿家長手機無論是小額還是巨額打賞，其與主播、直播平臺之間的民事法律關係、服務法律關係均無效。
#3 法律依據
《中華人民共和國涉外民事關係法律適用法》
第八條 涉外民事關係的定性，適用法院地法律。
第十二條 自然人的民事行為能力，適用經常居所地法律。
第四十一條 當事人可以協議選擇合同適用的法律。當事人沒有選擇的，適用履行義務最能體現該合同特徵的一方當事人經常居所地法律或者其他與該合同有最密切聯繫的法律。
最高人民法院印發《關於依法妥善審理涉新冠肺炎疫情民事案件若干問題的指導意見(二)》的通知
第九條 限制民事行為能力人未經其監護人同意，參與網絡付費遊戲或者網絡直播平臺「打賞」等方式支出與其年齡、智力不相適應的款項，監護人請求網絡服務提供者返還該款項的，人民法院應予支持。
《中華人民共和國民法典》
第十七條 十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。[1]
第十九條 八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為。[2]
第二十條 不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。[3]
[1]對應《中華人民共和國民法總則》第十七條：「十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。」
[2]對應《中華人民共和國民法總則》第十九條：「八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認，但是可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為。」
[3]對應《中華人民共和國民法總則》第二十條：「不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。」
Hongqiao Street is actively creating a "Shanghai Child-Friendly Community". In order to further publicize laws related to the protection of minors, Legislative contact Point at the basic level of the National people's Congress in Hongqiao Street， the Changning District Law Propaganda Office, and the Law School of Shanghai University of International Business and Economics jointly bring bilingual questions and answers on the protection of foreign minors in the community and let the children take the "first lesson of the rule of law in school".
The theme of this issue
Is the legal act of a foreign minor to reward live streamers without the consent of his or her guardian valid?
01
Case Introduction
Mike, a 12-year-old boy from Britain, has lived in China for a year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, without his mother noticing, Mike used her mobile phone to reward a game anchor on a live streaming platform for a total of 52,000 yuan. Can Mike's mother request the platform to return the money?
02
Case Study
By buying virtual gifts on the platform to reward the anchor with 52,000 yuan, Mike established a legal contract with the live streaming platform and the anchor, and his behavior was to perform the above-mentioned contract. Although Mike is from the UK, he has lived in China for a long time. According to Article 8, Article 12 and Article 41 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships, Mike is a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, and the contract legal relationship shall apply to Chinese laws. According to Article 9 of Circular of the Supreme People's Court on the Promulgation of the Guiding Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Properly Handling Civil Cases Related to COVID-19 Pandemic in Accordance with the Law (II), without the consent of his guardian, Mike contributes on a live streaming platform and such payment made is not commensurate with his age and intelligence. So, his mother can refuse to ratify the juridical act and request the Internet service provider to return the money.
In this case, Mike is a minor attaining the age of eight. He may alone perform juridical acts which are commensurate with his age and intelligence, and his statutory agent can also ratify the juridical acts he has performed. However, a minor under the age of eight is a person without capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented in performing civil juridical acts by his or her statutory agent. Therefore, when minors under the age of eight use their parents' mobile phones to reward anchors without their consent, whether it is a small or substantial amount of reward, both the civil legal relationships and service legal relationships between the minors and the anchors as well as live streaming platforms are invalid.
03
Legal basis
Law of the People's Republic of China on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships
Article 12 The laws at the habitual residence shall apply to the civil acts capacities of a natural person.
Article 41 The parties concerned may choose the laws applicable to contracts by agreement. If the parties do not choose, the laws at the habitual residence of the party whose fulfillment of obligations can best reflect the characteristics of this contract or other laws which have the closest relation with this contract shall apply.
Circular of the Supreme People's Court on the Promulgation of the Guiding Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Properly Handling Civil Cases Related to COVID-19 Epidemic in Accordance with the Law (II)
Artic 9 Where a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, without the consent of the guardian, participates in an online paid game or contributes on a live streaming platform and such payment made is not commensurate with his or her age and intelligence, and the guardian requests the Internet service provider to return the money, the peoples courts shall support such requests.
Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
Article 17 A natural person attaining the age of eighteen is an adult. A natural person under the age of eighteen is a minor. [1]
Article 19 A minor attaining the age of eight is a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented by his or her statutory agent in performing juridical acts or whose performance of juridical acts shall be consented to or ratified by his or her statutory agent, but may alone perform juridical acts which purely benefit the minor or are commensurate with his or her age and intelligence. [2]
Article 20 A minor under the age of eight is a person without capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented in performing civil juridical acts by his or her statutory agent. [3]
[1] It corresponds to Article 17 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China: "A natural person attaining the age of eighteen is an adult. A natural person under the age of eighteen is a minor. "
[2] It corresponds to Article 19 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China: " A minor attaining the age of eight is a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented by his or her statutory agent in performing juridical acts or whose performance of juridical acts shall be consented to or ratified by his or her statutory agent, but may alone perform juridical acts which purely benefit the minor or are commensurate with his or her age and intelligence. "
[3] It corresponds to Article 20 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China: " A minor under the age of eight is a person without capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented in performing civil juridical acts by his or her statutory agent. "
原標題：《開學法治第一課 |【雙語普法】涉外未成年人保護雙語問答第4問》
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