可數名詞和不可數名詞
1
概念引入
在學習名詞時,有一個問題特別重要——即名詞的可數與不可數。可數名詞是指能以數目來計算,可以分成個體的人或東西;因此它有複數形式,當它的複數形式在句子中作主語時,句子的謂語也應用複數形式。
不可數名詞是指不能以數目來計算,不可以分成個體的概念、狀態、品質、感情或表示物質材料的東西;它一般沒有複數形式,只有單數形式。它在句子中作主語時,句子的謂語也只用單數形式。
2
用法講解
一、名詞的概念:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞。
二、名詞的分類:名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞。
(一) 普通名詞包括可數名詞和不可數名詞,可數名詞可用作單數,也可用作複數。
可數名詞包括個體名詞(表示一類人或物的個體,如:girl;desk;dog;window;book;pen等)和集體名詞(由若干個體組成的集合體,如:family;class;people等)。
不可數名詞包括物質名詞(表示無法分為個體的實物,如:water;paper;silk;honey;cream;money等)和抽象名詞(表示性質、行為、狀態、感情或其它抽象概念,如:work;happiness;music;difficulty;beauty;youth;poverty等)。
(二) 專有名詞表示個人、地方、機構、組織等,如:Tom;the Great Wall;the Spring Festival;France;China;Christmas等。
三、名詞的數:
(一) 可數名詞有單數和複數兩種形式,其複數形式的構成主要有以下幾種:
1. 規則變化:
(1) 一般情況下,在詞尾加s。例如:
book—books;hat—hats;pencil—pencils;girl—girls
以清輔音結尾的名詞後的s的讀音為/s/,以濁輔音和元音結尾名詞後的s讀音為/z/。
在/p//t//k//f/等清輔音後→/s/:cups;cats;books;photographs
在/b//d//g//v/等濁輔音後→/z/:cards;bags;knives;labs;lions
(2)以s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞,變複數時,要在詞尾加-es。例如:
beach—beaches,brush—brushes,
bus—buses,box—boxes,
class—classes,glass—glasses,
lunch—lunches
(3)以「輔音字母+y」結尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加-es。例如:
baby—babies city—cities,
family—families,country—countries,
strawberry—strawberries(ies讀音為[iz])
注意:以「元音字母 + y」結尾的詞,直接在詞尾加-s。例如:
holidays;days;plays;ways;donkeys;boys;toys
(4)以-f或-fe結尾的名詞,變複數時,先把f或fe變為v,再加-es。例如:
wife—wives,leaf—leaves,
half—halves,knife—knives,
thief—thieves shelf—shelves(ves讀音為[vz])
2. 不規則變化:
(1)以o結尾的名詞,一般在詞尾加-s。例如:
zoo—zoos;radio—radios;
photo—photos;piano—pianos,
kangaroo—kangaroos
而有些在詞尾加-es,它們是「黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿」。
negro—negroes;hero—heroes;
potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes
(2)有些名詞由單數變複數時,不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字母。例如:
man—men;
woman—women;
policeman—policemen;
Englishman—Englishmen;
Frenchman—Frenchmen;
foot—feet;tooth—teeth;
child—children;
mouse—mice;
ox—oxen(公牛)
(3) 還有一些名詞的單數和複數形式相同。例如:
Chinese—Chinese;Japanese—Japanese;
sheep—sheep;deer—deer
(4) 複合名詞:
① 前面的名詞是man或woman,變複數時,構成複合名詞的兩個名詞全都要變成複數形式。例如:
man teacher—men teachers;
woman driver—women drivers
② 如果是其他詞,變複數時,只需把後面的名詞變成複數形式。例如:
boy student—boy students;
apple tree—apple trees
③與介詞或副詞一起構成的複合名詞應在主體名詞部分加-s。例如:
brother-in-law — brothers-in-law;
passer-by — passers-by。
(5) 有些以f或fe結尾的詞直接加s變成複數。例如:
roof—roofs,chief—chiefs,gulf—gulfs
(6)某國人的複數
口訣:中日不變英法變,其餘s加後面。例如:
Chinese(中國人)—Chinese;Japanese(日本人)—Japanese
Englishman(英國人)—Englishmen;Frenchman(法國人)—Frenchmen
German(德國人)— Germans;American(美國人)—Americans
(7)有些名詞通常只用作複數。例如:
glasses眼鏡;clothes衣服;
goods貨物;trousers褲子
(8)集體名詞的數:
① 有些集體名詞通常只用作複數,如:people;cattle;police
② 有些名詞既可用作單數又可用作複數,單數看作整體,複數看作集體的各個成員。例如:
This family is a big family.
My family are watching TV.
There are 50 students in this class.
The class are listening to their teacher.
(二) 不可數名詞一般沒有複數形式,但是可以用一些量詞來表示不可數名詞的數量。
(1)表不定數量時,一般用much,(a)1ittle,a lot of/lots of,some,any等詞修飾。例如:
much money;a little bread;
a lot of ice cream;some juice
(2) 表確定數量時,一般用「數詞+量詞+of+不可數名詞。變複數時可以把前面的量詞變成複數。例如:
a bottle of milk;
a glass of water;
a can of beer;
a piece of paper;
two bottles of milk;
two pieces of paper;
two glasses of water
注意:我們也可用「數詞+量詞+of+名詞複數」這一結構表示可數名詞的數量。例如:
a box of oranges;
two bags of books;
a room of students
(三)有些詞,單數形式和複數形式的詞義不同,需特別注意。例如:
sand沙—sands沙灘;
chicken雞肉—a chicken小雞;
orange橘汁—an orange橘子;
room空間、餘地—a room房間;
good(好處,益處)—goods(貨物);
custom(風俗) —customs(海關);
spirit(精神) —spirits(情緒);
manner(方式) —manners(禮貌);
force—forces(武裝力量);
communication(通訊)—communications(通訊系統,通訊工具);
cloth(布)—clothes(衣服);
content(內容) —contents(目錄);
convenience(便利)—conveniences(便利設備);
humanity(人類)—humanities(人文科學);
necessity(需要) —necessities(必需品);
pain(疼痛)—pains(辛勞);
ruin(毀滅)—ruins(廢墟,遺蹟);
wood(木材)—woods(樹林);
work(工作)—works(工廠,著作);
air—airs(架子,神氣)。
鞏固練習
一、寫出下列名詞的複數形式。
1. broom _____ car _____ tree _____ horse______
2. bus_______ fox ______ branch _____ class______
3. baby _______ family _____ country________
4. radio _______ photo______ piano______
5. knife ______ leaf_____ life_____ thief_______
6. man____ woman_______ child_______ foot________
7. woman teacher _____ apple tree _____ step son_____
二、用所給名詞的適當形式填空。
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people) in his family.
6. Let’s take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.
11. I have three foreign friends. They are ________(American).
12. They are________(woman) doctors.
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
三、將下列詞組譯成漢語。
1. 三杯牛奶 ____________________
2. 一袋大米____________________
3. 三籃子蘋果 __________________
4. 一碗麵條_____________________
5. 四盒子書 ____________________
6. 六片麵包_____________________
7. 五張紙_______________________
8. 三聽橘汁 _____________________
9.八條新聞 _____________________
10. 一箱香蕉 ____________________
四、選擇填空。
1. The deer has four ______.
A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots
2. Her two brothers are both ______.
A. policeman B. policemans
C. policemen D. policemens
3. There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen
B. Japaneses, Germen
C. Japanese, Germans
D. Japaneses, Germans
4. Two ______ will come to the village.
A. woman-doctors
B. women doctor
C. women doctors
D. woman doctors
5. Can you see nine _____ in the picture?
A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse
6. The _____ has two ______.
A. boys, watches
B. boy, watch
C. boy, watches
D. boys, watch
7. The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed.
A. tooth B. tooths
C. teeth D. teeths
8. The Japanese ____ will not leaveChinauntil she finishes her study.
A. woman B. women
C. man D. men
9. There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table.
A. tomatos B. tomato
C. tomatoes D. tomatoss
10. The cat caught two ______ last night.
A. mouses B. mice
C. mouse D. mices
【真題連結】
1. Yesterday Lucy told us such good that we are all amazed at it.
A. news B. ideas
C. suggestion D. answer
2. There are fifty in our school. They are all friendly to us.
A. woman teachers
B. women teacher
C. woman teacher
D. women teachers
3. — After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.
— Why not buy some ________ to drink?
A. bread B. noodles
C. apple juice D. teas
4. -When is ________ Day?
-It’s on June 1st, Dave.
A. Child B. Children C. Child’s D. Children’s
5.&39;s make vegetable salad. How many ________do we need?&34;One is enough.&A0D9E5; --tt-darkmode-bgcolor: FFFFFF; --tt-darkmode-color: A0D9E5; --tt-darkmode-bgcolor: A82E2E; --tt-darkmode-color: #A92E2E;">我是超人老師,每天為大家更新小學、初中資料。如果覺得好的話,記得關注我哦。