下面新東方網託福頻道為大家整理了新託福綜合寫作：兩大結構安排模式分析比較，供考生們參考，以下是詳細內容。
新託福考試寫作部分的第一個任務是「Integrated Task」即綜合寫作，它是一種全新的題型，大部分學生對於如何應對綜合寫作缺乏相關的知識和經驗，很大程度依賴於教師的指導，其中一個重要的方面就是如何安排文章的結構。對此，ETS並沒有給出詳細的官方建議，只是在ETS公開的綜合寫作評分標準中，給出了5分(即滿分)作文的定義如下：
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
可以看出，ETS並沒有規定一篇綜合寫作應該使用某種固定的結構模式，而只是從信息點的準確提煉，信息組織的條理性和語言的準確性這幾個角度定義了一篇滿分作文。然而實踐中，這樣的指導性建議太為籠統。學生還是期望教師能夠給出一種易於理解的，安全有效的且操作性強的結構，在考試時依照這個結構構建文章的主體，並以此為基礎填充細節，從而快速高效地完成作文。
朗閣海外考試研究中心的老師經過一段時間的教學，總結出兩種適合新託福綜合寫作的結構安排，為了形象理解，稱為「點對點」型和「面對面」型的結構，本文就將對這兩種結構進行分析和比較。
一、「點對點」的結構
「點對點」的結構指的是把綜合寫作中的閱讀材料和聽力材料的每一個對應點都單獨提煉出來用一個段落加以闡述。這種結構的優點是可以把閱讀文章和聽力材料的對應關係更細緻地進行說明，使文章層次感強，同時反映出考生提煉信息和對比信息的能力更高。比如下面的一篇範文就是ETS給出的滿分作文，是一篇典型的「點對點」型的結構安排方式。
Introduction-
Relationship between reading and lecture
The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.
First Point of Contrast
First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, weren’t given the opportunity to 「shine」. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
Second Point of Contrast
Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This is another place where experience contradicted theory.
Third Point of Contrast
Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.
二、 「面對面」的結構
「點對點」的結構指是最理想的結構安排模式，但有時候考生並不能準確地尋找到閱讀和聽力材料之間的對應點。這有可能是因為閱讀和聽力材料之間的對應點本身就不是很明顯，或者由於考生自身的能力問題，沒有完全聽懂或看懂，則要寫成「點對點」的結構安排模式，難度會比較大。遇到這種情況，朗閣海外考試研究中心則建議考生可以嘗試使用「面對面」的結構安排模式。它與「點對點」的結構安排模式的區別在於，「面對面」作文的結構並不是逐條闡述對應點，而是在總得闡明聽力和閱讀文章之間的關係後，分別總結聽力材料或閱讀材料的要點，從「面」上闡述聽力和閱讀材料之間的聯繫。以下一篇範文也是根據ETS提供的一套模考題所寫的範文，由於此題很難「點對點」地分析聽力和閱讀之間的關係，因此採取了「面對面」的寫法。
Introduction-
Relationship between reading and lecture
The lecturer talks about the natural process of crystallization and how the speed of cooling can influence such process, which is proved by Bowen’s crystallization experiment explained in the reading passage.
Points in the lecture
Natural crystallization happens when magma, which is extremely hot in its molten form deep in the earth, gradually cools off when it moves towards the surface of the earth. During the cooling process, the energy from heat is lost, and the atoms which compose the magma begin to move more slowly, forming into an orderly pattern, which turns the magma into a solid crystal structure. However, if the cooling process takes place too rapidly, then there is not enough time for the atoms to be arranged into such an orderly pattern. Therefore, crystallization can’t take place. Instead, a brittle, glass-like material will form.
Points in the Reading
Norman Bowen’s experiment in the 1920s proved this theory. By collecting and melting elements in rocks, Norman created artificial magma in his laboratory. He first cooled the magma slowly, as in the natural crystallization process, and got mineral crystals. But then he suddenly replaced this normal cooling with rapid freezing, and found frozen glass materials surrounding the solid crystal structure.
可以看出，「點對點」和「面對面」的結構有各自的特點，但總得來說「點對點」的結構在「對比型」的新託福綜合寫作中要更適用一些，因為它能把矛盾點逐一呈現，更細緻地體現了聽力和閱讀材料之間的關係。但掌握「面對面」的結構也很有必要，因為它可以適用一些聽力和閱讀材料之間的關係是一致、延伸或解釋型的考題。此外，在考生無法尋找到所有的對應點時，用「面對面」的結構也算是一種補救措施。附：新託福綜合寫作sample answer 兩篇，針對的是同一個考題，第一篇用的是「點對點」結構，第二篇用的是「面對面」的結構。
Sample answer 1
Urban sprawl is defined as the growth of cities in an unplanned manner, spreading outward rather than upward. Although urban sprawl brings some positive influence to our lives such as new homes and businesses, better schools, less noise and crime, etc., many people, especially environmental campaigners, see it as harmful to human life and the nature, as it robs people of nature, wiping out parks and farmland, and also brings traffic congestion to roads linking cities and suburbs.
The New Urbanism movement is designed to address urban sprawl, and communities such as Celebration in Florida, which is constructed applying New Urbanism principals, have proved very effective in solving this problem. The first principle of New Urbanism is to provide effective transportation system and environmental protection. To achieve this, the town of Celebration has a large area of greenbelt dedicated to wildlife preservation. It also has buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. New Urbanism’s second principle is to provide housing and jobs that are close together. This is reflected in Celebration’s office and apartment buildings which are all densely constructed in a small area to avoid sprawling. Finally, New Urbanism requires neighborhoods to have both single and multi-family residences, and this is exactly what can be seen in the town of Celebration, where residents live close together and find it easy to socialize.
Urban sprawl is low-density, outward growth and mostly single-family residences. Its negative effects are robbing us of our nature and having us meeting traffic jams between cities and suburbs, while its positive effects are providing home construction, new business and better schools, making less noise and causing less crime.
Sample Answer 2
New urbanism has emerged to solve the problem of urban sprawl. Regions have to create transportation systems and environmental protection; Cities need to offer housing and jobs that are close together; Neighborhoods should have single- and multi-family housing where residence can walk to stores, public transportation and parks.
Take the community of Celebration for example. It meets the goal of social and civic interaction by setting up a central market street district and housing including single- and multi-family residences. It also meets the goal of environment preservation with its good environmentally-friendly town design, and with high-rise offices and apartment buildings which help reduce the population density.
New urbanism like celebration will bring new changes to urban sprawl.
以上就是新東方網託福頻道為大家整理的新託福綜合寫作：兩大結構安排模式分析比較，非常實用。更多託福資訊、託福資料盡在新東方網託福頻道。最後，新東方網託福頻道預祝大家在託福考試中取得好成績!
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