：託福TPO長難句Ground water分析......
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1.Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface， from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
短語：soak into：滲入
主幹：Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground…
釋義：普通氣象水是那些通過地表，從降水和河流滲入到地下的水分。
2.There it remains， sometimes for long periods， before emerging at the surface again.At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the 「solid」 ground underfoot to hold all this water.
短語：at first thought：起初看來
分句：there it remains before emerging at the surface again：指在重新湧出地表之前，氣象水會存留(remains)在地下
it seems incredible that…：…看上去是不可思議的
釋義：在重新湧出地表之前，有時候有相當長一段時間，地下水都會存於地下。然而起初看來，堅硬的地面下居然能有足夠空間容納這麼多水是不可思議的。
3.The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose， unconsolidated sand and gravel.
分句：particles of loose， unconsolidated sand and gravel：疏鬆沙石的顆粒(如沙粒和小鵝卵石：sand grains and tiny pebbles)
釋義：最普通的一種空隙存在於疏鬆而不堅實的沙石中的顆粒----沙粒和小鵝卵石----之間。
4.They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.
短語：coarse sediment once flowed：曾經漂流的粗糙沉澱物
loads of：一載載的，一堆堆的
釋義：只要哪裡有湍急的河流載著粗糙的曾經漂流的沉澱物，哪裡就能發現這種物質層。
5.The water was always laden with pebbles， gravel， and sand， known as glacial outwash， that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
短語：be laden with：負載著…
pebbles， gravel， and sand， known as glacial outwash：指冰水沉積物包括鵝卵石、碎石和沙子
分句：that was deposited as the flow slowed down：隨著水流漸緩而沉積下來
釋義：融化的水總是載著被稱為冰水沉積物的鵝卵石、碎石和沙子，它們隨著水流漸緩而沉積下來。
6.The same thing happens to this day， though on a smaller scale， wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land， dropping its load as the current slows： the water usually spreads out fanwise， depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth， fan-shaped slope.
短語：a sediment-laden river or stream：載滿沉積物的河流或小溪
emerge from…onto：從…發源，流至…
spreads out：向四周展開
in the form of：以…的形式
a smooth， fan-shaped slope：光滑的扇形斜面
釋義：如今也發生著同樣的事情，雖然規模較小。有滿載沉澱物的河流或小溪從山谷出發向下蔓延到相對平坦的地面，當水流漸緩時便將沉澱物留下：河水通常呈扇形展開，將沉澱物以光滑的扇形斜面形式沉積下來。
7.Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea， the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first， but will be located inland at some future date， when the sea level falls or the land rises;such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
分句：where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea：指河流在入湖或海(on entering a lake or sea)時流速減緩
主幹：sediments are also dropped where…，the deposited sediments are on…，but will be located…，when…;such beds are thousands of meters thick
釋義：當河流接近湖泊或海洋時沉澱物也會被沉積下，沉積物起初會存在於湖床或海床，但隨著未來當海平面下降或陸地上升時，沉積物便會移動到內陸去;這些沉積物層(such beds)有時有數千米厚。
8.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil;
分句：any spot on the ground：地面上任何一點
what was once the bed of a river：河流曾經的河床地帶，作may overlie的賓語
a river that has since become buried by soil：已經被土壤所掩埋的河流
釋義：在低地國家，幾乎地面上任何一點都有可能疊加在被土壤掩埋的河流的河床上。
9.This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals;also， parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater， either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.
短語：be plugged with：被…塞住
cementing chemicals：膠黏性化學物質
become dissolved by：被…所溶解
釋義：這是因為原始沙石間的縫隙通常並未被膠黏的化學物質完全填塞;同時，部分原始沙石有可能被滲透下來的地下水溶解，溶解過程無論是在沙石堅化發生之時還是以後的某一時期都會進行。
10.Most crystalline rocks are much more solid;a common exception is basalt， a form of solidified volcanic lava， which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
短語：solidified volcanic lava：硬化後的火山巖漿
釋義：大多數結晶巖石更加堅硬;一個典型例外是玄武巖，一種硬化了的火山巖漿形式，它有時充滿了小氣泡，這使它非常多孔。
11.But note that porosity is not the same as permeability， which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material;this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
分句：「the ease with which water can flow through a material」：指水通過某一物質的容易程度
cavities and the crevices linking them：連接沙石的空隙和裂縫
釋義：但需注意多孔性不同於可滲透性。可滲透性丈量的是水流通過某一物質的容易程度，它取決於連接沙石的單個空隙和裂縫的大小。
12.The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can， and water that cannot， drain away.
短語：be thought of as：被認為是…
釋義：因此，浸水樣本所含的所有水份必須被分為兩部分：可排除的與不可排除的。
13.If the pores are large， the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold， and it will drain away;but if the pores are small enough， the water in them will exist as thin films， too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;then the water will be firmly held.
分句：drops (that are) too heavy for surface tension to hold：由於過重而導致巖石表面張力無法收控住的水滴
surface tension holding them in place：將(水滴)收控住的表面張力
…thin films， too light to overcome the force of surface tension：薄膜過輕，無法掙脫張力的控制
主幹：If the pores are large，the water will exsit as … and will drain away;but if the pores are small enough，the water will exsit as…，then will be held
釋義：如果孔大，其中的水會變為水滴，水滴太沉，表面張力握不住，水便會排出;但如果孔足夠小，其中的水會變成薄膜，薄膜很輕，無法掙脫表面張力的控制，這樣水便會被緊緊收住。
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