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Recording one
Psychology research has tended to portray solitude as a negative experience. Studies conducted in the 1970s and 1990s suggested that people felt less happy when alone as compared to being with others. However, a new paper shows an alternative view, one in which solitude can be positive. Let's start by looking at the earlier research. It had a couple of shortcomings.
16. First, it measured a motion on a scale from positive to negative, overlooking the possibility that are positive and negative emotions can fluctuate independently. Also, it categorizes emotions as simply positive or negative. It didn't consider that emotions arouse us to different degrees and that both positive and negative emotions can arouse us a lot for a little.
That is whether positive or negative emotions can be either a high arousal or low arousal. High arousal emotions include excitement on the positive side or anger on the negative side. While low arousal ones include feeling calm on the positive side or lonely on the negative. This new research attempted to overcome these shortcomings.
Researchers began with a simple study. They asked participants to spend 15 minutes sitting alone without engaging in any activity, and measured how this solitude influenced their emotional state. This experiment specifically aimed to determine the effect of solitude on high arousal emotions. It looked at positive emotions such as being excited or interested, and negative emotions, including being scared or distressed.
17. The results were clear. After 15 minutes of solitude, the participants showed reductions in both types of emotion. The second study measured the effects of solitude on low arousal emotions. These included both positive and negative emotions, such as feeling calm, sad or lonely.
18.That experiment found that all of these emotions were increased by time alone. Thus, it seems past depictions of solitude were wrong. It doesn't have a simple, emotional effect that can be characterized as good or bad. Rather, it changes the intensity of our inner experience. It amplifies quieter emotions, but it diminishes the intensity of stronger feelings. It's worth clarifying that these findings relate to relatively brief periods of solitude.
This is distinct from prolonged loneliness. Research has demonstrated that the latter is correlated with an assortment of negative physical and psychological effects. How can people benefit from being alone?The findings here suggest that people can use solitude to regulate their emotions. Solitude can help us become quiet after excitement, calm after an angry episode or simply feel at peace.
Questions 16 to18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
Question16: what is one of the criticisms directed at the early research on solitude?
Question17: What do we learn about the results of the new research?
Question18: What did the second experiment in the new research find about solitude?
文章大意：
20世紀70年代和90年代進行的研究表明,人們獨處的時候比和別人在一起的時候更不快樂.然而,一篇新的論文卻提出了另一種觀點,認為孤獨也可以是積極的. 隨後文章主體通過實驗來進行驗證, 最後研究結果表明,人們可以利用獨處來調節自己的情緒.獨處可以幫助我們在興奮後變得安靜,在憤怒發作後平靜下來,或者只是感到平靜。
解析：
16題,問的是針對早期研究的批判是什麼. 題幹對應原文it had a couple of shortcomings, 隨後first和also對批判進行了展開.
17題,問的是新研究的結果是什麼. 題幹定位處, 結果很清楚.獨處15分鐘後,參與者的兩種情緒都有所減少。
18題,第二次實驗的發現是什麼。題幹定位處, 實驗發現,所有這些情緒都隨著時間的流逝而增加.
Recording two.
In1984, the world chess championship was called off abruptly due to the withered frame of a player who was competing for the title. He wasn't alone in experiencing extreme physical effects of the game. Elite players can reportedly burn up to an absurd 6,000 calories in 1 day.
Does that mean that thinking harder?It's a simple route to losing weight. 19.When the body is at rest, we know that the brain is a startling 20 to 25%of the body's overall energy. This level of utilization actually makes the brain the most energy expensive organ in the body. Yet it makes up only2%of the body's weight overall.
The more we put this organ to work, more calories will burn. Technically, the answer is for cognitively difficult tasks. What counts is the difficult mental task varies between individuals. But generally, it could be described as something that the brain cannot solve easily using previously learned routines or task that change the conditions continuously. Deep thinking will not burn off the calories gain from eating a sugary snack.
20. Because in relation to the brain's huge overall energy usage, which is devoted to a multitude of tasks, the energy required, just to think harder, is actually comparatively tiny. We’re unconscious of most of what uses up the brain's energy. A lot of that activity is unrelated to conscious activities, like learning how to sing or play the guitar. The brain is able to allocate blood and thus energy to particular regions that are being active at than.
21. But the overall energy availability in the brain is thought to be constant. While there might be significant increases in energy use at localized regions of the brain when we perform difficult cognitive tasks. When it comes to the whole brain energy budget overall, these activities don't significantly alter it.
Why did the chess champion grow too skinny to compete in his chess competition? The general consensus is that it mostly comes down to stress and reduce food consumption, not mental exhaustion. Keeping your body pumped up for action for long periods of time is very energy demanding. If you can't eat as often or as much as you can or would normally, then you might lose weight.
Questions, 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.
Question 19. What do we learn about the brain when the body is at rest?
Question 20. What does the speaker say about the consumption of the brain's energy?
Question, 21. What do we learn about the overall energy availability in the brain?
文章大意：文章談論了大腦在思考時是否能夠消耗更多的能量。 大腦的總能量可用性被認為是恆定的。當我們執行困難的認知任務時，大腦局部區域的能量消耗可能會顯著增加。當涉及到整個大腦的能量預算時，這些活動並不能顯著地改變它。
解析：
19題,當身體休息時， 大腦發生了什麼. 回到答案處， 表明 當身體處於休息狀態時，我們知道大腦佔據了身體總能量的20%到25%
20題,作者如何看待大腦的能量消耗, 精準出現因為相對於大腦用於多種任務的巨大的總能量消耗，僅僅是更努力地思考所需要的能量實際上是相對微小的。
21題,關於大腦的總能量可用性，我們了解什麼? 原文表述為 精準出現但大腦的總能量可用性被認為是恆定的。
recording three.
Tell me about yourself may seem like an easy job interview question. 22]But the open ended nature of this question often leaves job seekers at a loss where to start. This common question is actually a critical test of a job candidate's communication skills. It's important not to give an unprepared response or mess it up. Tell me about yourself is often the first question, professional career coaches prepare people for when they give interview guidance. It's the opportunity for the candidate to take control of the narrative and tell their story in a way that really matters to their audience. It takes hard work and extensive preparation to answer this question. When a person goes to a job interview, their interviewer has presumably read their resume, so they don't need to repeat the Information. 23]But that's what most people will do as it's their instinct to recite things that are already on their resume. It's important for job seekers to do their homework on two crucial aspects. First, they are not just telling someone, in fact about themselves. They're telling a story and stories take work to create. Coming up with a good story means getting reflective about what made their career accomplishments, something they're proud of, and what strengths those accomplishments highlight. Candidates shouldn't pick a broad, general strength to elaborate on, such as I'm smart, I work hard and I get things done to come up with multiple career accomplishments or examples for different interview questions.24] Job seekers should talk with others, especially people who know them, partners, friends, or coworkers who will bring up different stories than the ones they remember. Secondly, 25]candidates should know what's at stake for the company with this job opening. What they really are asking you is tell me why you are going to help me. If the person is a prepared candidate, they should have already figured out those things. They've read the job description and research, the company on the internet. What job applicants ought to be looking for is what the company is up to you, what they're trying to accomplish and what is preventing them from accomplishing those things? How long should it take to answer around a minute? That's about right for most people's attention span. Under a minute could seem rushed while over 2 minutes, we'll start to feel more like a speech. 25]But the length of the answer is not an exact science. And candidates need to keep their career story focused and tailored to their audience.
Questions, 22 to 25 are based on the recording. You have just heard.
Question 22. What does the speaker say about the job interview question「Tell me about yourself ?
Question 23. What will most people do when they come to a job interview?
Question 24. Why should job seekers talk with partners, friends, and coworkers?
Question 25. What other important preparations should job seekers make before an interview?
文章大意：這篇文章講的求職者在面試中可能會遇到的問題，以及如何針對面試問題做充足的準備，文章難度不大，容易理解。解析：問題22，通過轉折詞but定位文章開頭Tell me about yourself這個問題的開放性往往讓求職者不知所措。問題23，通過轉折詞定位大多數面試者在面試時會本能地背誦簡歷上已有的東西。問題24,通過作者建議定位求職者求職者應該與其他人交談，尤其是認識他們的人、伴侶、朋友或同事，他們會提出與他們記憶中不同的故事。問題25通過順序詞定位求職者應該知道這次職位空缺對公司有什麼利害關係，因為公司真正要問你的是告訴我你為什麼要幫助自己，所以求職者應該做充足的準備，求職者需要專注於自己的職業生涯，並為面試公司身打造自己的回答。
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