在前幾篇的講義中，我們介紹了上海高考英語的「難」及備戰的宏觀建議，下面我們將針對高考英語的真題的命題和解題作系列講義，僅供有主動願意跳出學習「舒適區」而勇敢挑戰高考「恐慌區」的同學。
一、簡介
在2020年上海高考英語備戰中，你不要處在學習「舒適區」而低效重複的涮的「1模」和「2模」以獲得所謂「量」的成就感，而不去面對新高考英語外刊閱讀的「質」硬核，勇於挑戰高考英語的「學習區」和「恐慌區」，實現自己理想大學的目標。如下圖所示。
二、閱讀理解的命題和解析
刷真題的方式直接決定你學習的效果和信心，為了幫助同學們提供更加詳解的真題刷題方式，我們將以2019年6月上海高考英語中的閱讀理解A篇為例。從語篇材料的來源、語篇難度、考點設置等角度進行闡釋。
1.語篇來源
本篇語料選擇國外紐約客上的關於青少年的故事，語篇來源為
(https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/06/05/the-work-you-do-the-person-you-are)
原語篇還原後成為考題為
2.語篇難度
將原語篇輸入閱讀指數分析，我們可以發現：語篇的閱讀指數為79，此範圍屬於閱讀指數的71-80 較容易（fairly easy）的範圍。總文約390詞左右，43個左右的句子，平均每個句子約17個單詞，每個單詞約4個單詞。粗略看起來文章不難，難點在於但是你需要記敘文的深層語意。
3.考點分析
語篇解讀
關鍵詞
work; person; money; home
主旨概要
本文主要記錄了託尼·莫裡森的日記，並且從中講述了他所處的年代以及所做的各種各樣的工作，從而揭示他的工作觀，即做人做事是兩碼事。
分析與點撥
整篇文章採取總---分---總的結構。文章一開頭就寫道「我」與其他孩子的區別，接下來用了大量的筆墨去描寫「我」的「兼職」，以及「我」遇到的問題：害怕失去工作而不知道應該如何拒絕。最後幾段父親的的話是文章的點睛之筆，也是文章的中心主旨。
本篇文章是典型的「先敘事，後說理」的文章。解題只需把握兩點即可：一是主旨，二是細節。文中著墨繁多的工作細節以及場景的表述反而不是重點，考生在讀開頭幾段的時候不要有心理壓力。
語言知識
重難點詞彙
profound adj. 巨大的; 深切的
With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness.
隨著大數據時代的到來，數據科學應運而生，對大數據的適應性可以指向企業競爭力的深刻變化。（2018 奉賢一模）
folktales n. 民間故事
They are also fascinated with his creativity to make folktales more adaptable to today's life.
他們也對他的創造力著迷，使民間故事更適合今天的生活。
enamel n. 搪瓷；琺瑯
He relied on translucent enamels to produce vivid, glowing pictures.
他利用半透明瓷漆繪製出鮮豔生動的圖畫
insurance n. 保險; 保險業; 保險費
Climes said that since 2005, when We-yco made the wellness policy that includes the smoking ban, health insurance costs have increased by no more than 2 percent a year，well below the national average.
克萊姆斯說，自從2005年我們We-yco制定了包括禁菸在內的健康政策以來，醫療保險費用每年增長不超過2%，遠低於全國平均水平。（2018 長寧一模）
nuisance n. 麻煩事；討厭的人/物
He could be a bit of a nuisance when he was drunk.
他醉酒時有點討厭。
erode v. 侵蝕; 腐蝕; 風化
Once exposed, soil is quickly eroded by wind and rain.
一旦暴露，土壤很快就會被風雨侵蝕。
gorgeous adj. 絢爛的；燦爛的；美麗的
New York has its Empire State Building and the gorgeous skyscrapers of Manhattan.紐約有它的帝國大廈和曼哈頓華麗的摩天大樓。(2019崇明二模)
squander v. 浪費；揮霍
Hooker didn't squander his money on flashy cars or other vices.
胡克沒有將自己的錢浪費在豪華轎車或其他惡習上。
intently adv. 專心地
He listened intently, then slammed down the phone.
他專心地聽著,然後砰地掛上電話。
重難點詞組
1.run errands 跑腿
They are expected to babysit, run errands, and help serve at cocktail parties.
要求他們做的事情有：看孩子、跑腿兒、在雞尾酒會上幫忙招待。
2.little by little漸漸地
Little by little, discussion by discussion, step by step, we can improve the lives of women and girls, men and boys all around the world.
一點一點，商討再商討，一步一步，我們可以改善世界各地的婦女和女孩，男人和男孩的生活。（2019格致中學三模）
3.summon the courage to do sth. 鼓起勇氣做某事
It took her a full month to summon the courage to tell her moth.
用了整整一個月才鼓足勇氣告訴了媽媽。
長難句分析
1.It was a beautiful house, too, with a plastic-covered sofa and chairs, wall-to-wall blue-and-white carpeting, a white enamel stove, a washing machine and a dryer—things that were common in Her neighborhood, absent in mine.
此句為排比句。
句意：這也是一所漂亮的房子，有一張塑料沙發和椅子，一條藍白相間的地毯，一個白色的搪瓷爐子，一臺洗衣機和一臺乾衣機，這些東西在她的鄰居中很常見，但在我的鄰居中卻沒有。
2.And I knew that if I told my mother how unhappy I was she would tell me to quit.
此句為並列複合句，that引導的賓語從句中又包含if引導的條件狀語從句和how引導的感嘆句。
句意：我知道如果我告訴我母親我有多不高興，她會告訴我辭職。
整篇翻譯
The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound. I was not like the children in folktales: burdensome mouths to feed.
我對我父母來說是有用的，這種快樂是深刻的。我不像民間故事中的孩子：繁重的嘴巴要餵養。
All I had to do for the two dollars was clean Her house for a few hours after school. It was a beautiful house, too, with a plastic-covered sofa and chairs, wall-to-wall blue-and-white carpeting, a white enamel stove, a washing machine and a dryer—things that were common in Her neighborhood, absent in mine. In the middle of the war, She had butter, sugar, steaks, and seam-up-the-back stockings.
為了這兩美元，我所要做的就是放學後打掃她家幾個小時。那也是一所漂亮的房子，有一張塑料覆蓋的沙發和椅子，藍白相間的地毯，一個白色的搪瓷爐子，一臺洗衣機和一個烘乾機，這些東西在她住的地方很常見，在我住的地方卻沒有。戰爭期間，她吃黃油、糖、牛排，還把後備箱縫好。
I knew how to scrub floors on my knees and how to wash clothes in our zinc tub, but I had never seen a Hoover vacuum cleaner or an iron that wasn’t heated by fire.
我知道如何擦洗膝蓋上的地板，以及如何在我們的鋅盆裡洗衣服，但我從來沒有見過胡佛吸塵器或沒有被火加熱過的熨鬥。
Part of my pride in working for Her was earning money I could squander: on movies, candy, paddleballs, jacks, ice-cream cones. But a larger part of my pride was based on the fact that I gave half my wages to my mother, which meant that some of my earnings were used for real things—an insurance-policy payment or what was owed to the milkman or the iceman. The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound. I was not like the children in folktales: burdensome mouths to feed, nuisances to be corrected, problems so severe that they were abandoned to the forest. I had a status that doing routine chores in my house did not provide—and it earned me a slow smile, an approving nod from an adult. Confirmations that I was adultlike, not childlike.
我的一部分自豪感來自於我為她工作可以掙錢，我可以揮霍：電影、糖果、桌球、千斤頂、冰淇淋錐。但我大部分的自豪感是基於我把一半工資給我母親的事實，這意味著我的一些收入被用來支付保險費或是送奶人或冰人的錢。對我父母來說是必要的快樂是深刻的。我不像民間故事中的孩子們：繁重的嘴巴要餵養，需要糾正的滋擾，問題如此嚴重，以至於他們被遺棄在森林裡。我有一種狀態，在家裡做日常家務並沒有提供，它給了我一個逐漸的微笑，一個贊成點頭從一個成年人。確認我是成年人，不是小孩子。
In those days, the forties, children were not just loved or liked; they were needed. They could earn money; they could care for children younger than themselves; they could work the farm, take care of the herd, run errands, and much more. I suspect that children aren’t needed in that way now. They are loved, doted on, protected, and helped. Fine, and yet…
在那時候，四十年代，孩子不僅僅是被愛或喜歡的；他們是需要的。他們可以掙錢；他們可以照顧比自己小的孩子；他們可以在農場工作、照顧牛群、跑腿等等。我想現在不需要孩子了。他們被愛、寵愛、保護和幫助。很好，但是…
Little by little, I got better at cleaning Her house—good enough to be given more to do, much more. I was ordered to carry bookcases upstairs and, once, to move a piano from one side of a room to the other. I fell carrying the bookcases. And after pushing the piano my arms and legs hurt so badly. I wanted to refuse, or at least to complain, but I was afraid she would fire me, and I would lose the freedom the dollar gave me, as well as the standing I had at home—although both were slowly being eroded. She began to offer me her clothes, for a price. Impressed by these worn things, which looked simply gorgeous to a little girl who had only two dresses to wear to school, I bought a few. Until my mother asked me if I really wanted to work for castoffs. So I learned to say 「No, thank you」 to a faded sweater offered for a quarter of a week’s pay.
一點一點地，我在打掃她家方面做得越來越好了，我有足夠的時間做更多的事，做更多的事。有人命令我把書櫥抬上樓，一次把鋼琴從一個房間搬到另一個房間。我提著書架摔倒了。在推鋼琴之後，我的胳膊和腿疼得厲害。我想拒絕，或者至少是抱怨，但我擔心她會炒了我，我會失去美元給我的自由，也失去我在家裡的地位，儘管這兩者都在慢慢地被侵蝕。她開始給我她的衣服，給我一個價錢。這些破舊的衣服給我留下了深刻的印象，對於一個只有兩件衣服要穿去上學的小女孩來說，這些衣服看起來簡直太漂亮了，我買了幾件。直到我媽媽問我是否真的想為那些被遺棄的人工作。所以我學會了對一件褪色的毛衣說「不，謝謝」。
Still, I had trouble summoning the courage to discuss or object to the increasing demands She made. And I knew that if I told my mother how unhappy I was she would tell me to quit. Then one day, alone in the kitchen with my father, I let drop a few whines about the job. I gave him details, examples of what troubled me, yet although he listened intently, I saw no sympathy in his eyes. No 「Oh, you poor little thing.」 Perhaps he understood that what I wanted was a solution to the job, not an escape from it. In any case, he put down his cup of coffee and said, 「Listen. You don’t live there. You live here. With your people. Go to work. Get your money. And come on home.」
儘管如此，我還是很難鼓起勇氣來討論或反對她提出的越來越多的要求。我知道如果我告訴我媽媽我有多不開心，她會告訴我放棄。然後有一天，我獨自一人在廚房和父親在一起，我放下了一些關於工作的抱怨。我給了他一些細節，一些困擾我的例子，雖然他專心致志地聽著，但我看不到他眼中的同情。不，「哦，你這個可憐的小東西。」也許他明白我想要的是工作的解決辦法，而不是逃避。無論如何，他放下咖啡說：「聽著。你不住在那裡。你住在這裡。和你的人在一起。去上班吧。拿你的錢。回家吧。」
That was what he said. This was what I heard:
Whatever the work is, do it well—not for the boss but for yourself.
You make the job; it doesn’t make you.
Your real life is with us, your family.
You are not the work you do; you are the person you are.
他就是這麼說的。這就是我聽到的：
不管工作是什麼，做好不是為了老闆，而是為了你自己。
你做了這項工作，但你做不到。
你的真實生活和我們在一起，和你的家人在一起。
你不是你做的工作，你是你自己。
I have worked for all sorts of people since then, geniuses and morons, quick-witted and dull, bighearted and narrow. I』ve had many kinds of jobs, but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself, and I have never placed the security of a job above the value of home.
從那以後，我為各種各樣的人工作，天才和白痴，機智和遲鈍，心胸寬廣和狹隘。我做過很多種工作，但自從和父親談話之後，我從未把勞動水平作為衡量自己的標準，也從未把工作的安全感置於家庭價值之上。
56. B。【解析】考查細節理解。根據文中第三段「The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound.」 對父母來說，必要的樂趣是深刻的。，可知作者的滿足感更多的來自於「被需要」。故選B。
57. C。【解析】考查細節理解。由文中「In those days, the forties, children were not just loved or liked; they were needed. They could earn money; they could care for children younger than themselves; they could work the farm, take care of the herd, run errands, and much more.」 在那時候，四十年代，孩子不僅僅是被愛或喜歡的；他們是需要的。他們可以掙錢；他們可以照顧比自己小的孩子；他們可以在農場工作、照顧牛群、跑腿等等。可知作者由自己引出整個四十年代的孩子的特點：他們被需要並且經常幹一些雜活。表明他們具備很強的生活能力。正確答案為C。
58. D。【解析】考查邏輯推理。根據第六段中「In any case, he put down his cup of coffee and said, 「Listen. You don’t live there. You live here.」父親說，你不住在那裡，你住在這裡可知，生活和工作要區分開來，且也符合主題，故選D。
59. A。【解析】考查細節理解。根據最後一段中，關於作者對工作的看法觀點「but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself」可知，受父親的啟發，作者不以工作作為評價和衡量自己的標準，故選A。
4.配套鞏固練習
（A）基礎測評
(A)
請在橫線上填寫斜體字在句子或短語中的含義：
clean
adj.
1) The hotel was spotlessly clean. ______________
2) The sport has a very clean image. _____________
v.
1) The villa is cleaned twice a week. ______________
2) This oven cleans easily. _____________
2. trouble
n.
1) We have trouble getting staff. ______________
2) My brother was always getting me into trouble with my parents. __________
v.
1) What is it that's troubling you? _____________
2) I don't want to trouble the doctor with such a small problem. ____________
（B）能力測評
請翻譯對應的中文或英文：
1. make folktales more adaptable to today's life _____________
2. a bit of a nuisance ___________
3. 低於全國平均水平 ______________
(C) 培優測評
請將下面的句子翻譯成中文或英文：
1. They are expected to babysit, run errands, and help serve at cocktail parties.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Little by little, discussion by discussion, step by step, we can improve the lives of women and girls, men and boys all around the world.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. 用了整整一個月才鼓足勇氣告訴了媽媽。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. 在風中繞來繞去的環，它把發電機的中心設置在產生電流的情感中。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
參考答案
(A) 基礎測評
請在橫線上填寫斜體字在句子或短語中的含義：
clean
adj.
1) 潔淨的；乾淨的
2) 文明的；正派的
v.
1) 除去……的灰塵；使……乾淨；打掃
2) 變乾淨
2. trouble
n.
1) 問題；憂慮；困難；苦惱
2) 困境；可能受到批評（或處罰）的情形
v.
1) 使憂慮；使煩惱；使苦惱
2) 勞駕；費神；麻煩
（B）能力測評
請翻譯對應的中文或英文：
1. 使民間故事更適合今天的生活
2. 有點討厭
3. below the national average
(C) 培優測評
請將下面的句子翻譯成中文或英文：
1. 要求他們做的事情有：看孩子、跑腿兒、在雞尾酒會上幫忙招待。
2. 一點一點，商討再商討，一步一步，我們可以改善世界各地的婦女和女孩，男人和男孩的生活。
3. It took her a full month to summon the courage to tell her moth.
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