All men created equal 人人生而平等,自由與生俱來

2020-12-17 唐春Charles聊英語

來看今天的主題句:

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

下面我們來看一下今天的這句話:

We hold these truths to be self-evident:

我們認為這些真理是不言而喻的:具體是哪些真理呢?

接下來這個片段裡所有的句子,都是that引導的同位語從句,通通都來詮釋truths(真理)這個詞。

首先是:that all men are created equal, 人皆生而平等,這句話我們之前在馬丁·路德·金的 I have a dream《我有一個夢想》裡見到過。

為什麼美國人早在1776年的《獨立宣言》裡就喊出了「人人平等」的理念,但是一直到20世紀60年代黑人在美國還是受歧視呢?

在18、19世紀,除了極少數「自由人」(freemen),美國的絕大部分黑人都是從非洲販賣過來的奴隸,而當時整個美國社會的白人群體是不把奴隸當人看待的,法律也明文規定「奴隸是另一個人的財產,不是人類」(A slave is another man’s property, not a human being.),所以在當時美國人的觀念裡,人人平等並不包括黑人。

繼續來看下面的句子:that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,這裡有兩個地方需要我們注意:

首先是一個句型,叫做be endowed (by sb.) with sth.,意思是「被(某人)賦予某事」。

endow作動詞表示「給予、賦予」,尤其指的是「天生就被賦予」;被誰賦予呢?by their creator(他們的造物主),也就是「上帝」的意思。

具體賦予的是什麼呢?with certain unalienable rights,這裡我們需要注意的就是unalienable這個詞。

中間的alien,就是我們認識的「外星人」那個單詞,這個詞最主要的是前兩個字母al-,和else(另一個)相關,alien指的就是「另一類、其它」,這就是為什麼alien可以表示「外星人」。

unalienable的意思是「不能讓給其他人的、不可剝奪的」。這裡的unalienable rights,也就是「不能被剝奪的權利」。

把這個同位語從句完整看一遍:that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, 也就是「造物主賦予他們不可剝奪的權利」,具體都有哪些權利呢?

that among these 在這些權利之中,are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 包括生存權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。

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