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教師考試英語筆試中,主謂一致的考查也是常有的,在此給大家再整理一下英語考試中的這個知識點,希望能夠幫助到各位備考的考生。
主謂一致指「人稱」和「數」方面的一致關係,即指「主語和謂語動詞」之間的一致關係,要求謂語動詞在人稱和數上要和主語保持一致。主謂一致包括語法一致、意義一致和就近一致,語法一致即謂語動詞在單複數形式上要和主語保持一致,意義一致就是謂語動詞要和主語意義上的單複數保持一致,就近一致就是謂語動詞要和靠近它的主語部分保持一致。主謂一致常考查內容涉及名詞單數或複數作主語、不可數名詞作主語、不定代詞作主語、並列結構作主語、特殊名詞作主語時與謂語動詞數的一致等。
主謂一致中最基本的原則是:單數主語用單數動詞,複數主語用複數動詞。但在實際使用當中情況比較複雜,常考"表裡不一"現象,現將主謂一致中常犯的錯誤歸納整理如下:
1.如果主語有more than one很多 非常…或many a許多……構成,one and a half與單數名詞組成的短語。儘管從意義上看是複數內容,但它的謂語動詞仍用單數形式。如:
More than one student has read the book.
Many a girl has been there.
Many a boy has seen it. 許多孩子都看到了。
但是,「more +複數名詞+than one」結構之後,謂語動詞一般多用複數形式。如:
More members than one are against your plan.
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那兒玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個學生考試未及格。
2. each作主語或修飾主語時
1)單獨用作主語(或修飾主語),謂語用單數:
Each student has his own desk. 每個學生都有自己的課桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 兩個男孩進來,每人提著一隻箱子。
【注意】
(1) 兩個或多個「each+單數名詞」結構並列作主語時, 謂語用單數。
(2) 「each of+複數名詞或代詞」用作主語, 謂語一般要用單數
Each of them was deeply frightened. 他們個個都驚恐萬分。
但是在非正式文體中(尤其是當 each of之後的名詞較長時)偶爾也可用複數謂語,但很少見,學生宜慎用。
2)each 用於複數名詞後作同位語
此時謂語動詞用複數:
They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他們每人都有一本英漢詞典。
The young people each carry a big bag. 這些年輕人個個背著一個大袋子。
3. 主語後接in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介詞
其後的動詞形式取決介詞前主語:
Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了樹木之外什麼也看不見。
No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母外沒人知道此事。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同學都看過這部電影。
4. 有些名詞的單數和複數形式一樣, 作主語的時候, 其謂語動詞單複數由上下文決定(尤其注意其前的修飾語),這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese,Japanese等。
Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。
Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。
These means are very good. 這些方法很好。
Such a means is really unpleasant. 這樣的方法確實是令人不愉快。
若沒有特定的修飾語或語境,則用單數或複數謂語均可:
There is [are] no good means. 沒有好的方法。
Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其他的什麼辦法嗎?
5. kind「種類」作主語
this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書) , 其謂語用單數; 短語this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語用單數, men of this kind 和these kind of men 的謂語用複數, all kinds of 後跟複數名詞, 謂語用複數形式。例如:
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of this kind are dangerous.
6. 在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致。例如:
Between the two windows hangs a picture.
7.「分數或百分數+名詞」構成的短語以及由「 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞」構成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞要與短語中of 後面的名詞的數保持一致,這是因為短語中後面的名詞是中心詞,而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。例如:
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
和這種情況類似的還有「a number of + 名詞複數」。但是,「the number of + 名詞」的中心詞卻是number。試比較:
A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
【補充】
a (large) quantity of 修飾可數或不可數名詞, 其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
A large quantity of people is needed here.
quantities of 修飾可數或不可數名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞一般用複數。例如:
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
短語in quantity, in large quantities 意為 「大量」; in small quantities 意為「少量」。
8. 表時間長度、錢數、速度等的詞組作主語,此時通常將其視為整體,謂語用單數。如:
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很長的時間。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
以上介紹了主謂一致易錯點,希望對各位考生有所幫助。
中公講師解析
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