知識總結與歸納
（一）被動語態的基本知識
1. 什麼叫動詞的語態？
表示謂語與主語之間的關係的動詞形式叫做語態，分為主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
2. 被動語態的形式
1）被動語態的基本形式為助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞，即be done。被動語態的不同時態是通過助動詞be的時態變化來體現的，其人稱和數方面應與主語保持一致。在初中階段要求掌握八種時態的被動語態和含有情態動詞的被動語態，其具體變化為：
一般現在時的被動語態：am／is／are done
一般過去時的被動語態：was／were done
現在完成時的被動語態：have ／has been done
過去完成時的被動語態：had been done
現在進行時的被動語態：am／is／are being done
過去進行時的被動語態：was / were being done
一般將來時的被動語態：shall ／will be done
過去將來時的被動語態：should ／would be done
含情態動詞的被動語態：情態動詞＋be done
2）被動語態的否定式:在第一個助動詞後加not構成。
3）被動語態的疑問式：把第一個助動詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構成。例如：
Where did they grow vegetables？（改為被動語態）
Where _____ vegetables ______?
3. 被動語態的用法
英語中，一般在以下幾種情況下使用被動語態：
1）不知道動作的執行者是誰, 或者沒有必要或不想指出誰是動作的執行者。
2）強調動作的承受者, 此時如想同時指出動作的執行者,可用「by +動作執行者」來表示。例如： Chinese _______ by the largest number of people.
A. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken
（二）被動語態的中考焦點及複習策略
1. 被動語態的考查形式可見於多種題型，如：選擇填空、句型轉換、翻譯填空等。例如：
據說在南京的長江上又在建一座橋。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.
主、被動語態的相互轉換：
注意： (1) 有時 by短語可以省略。
（2）主動句的時態是由謂語動詞來體現的，而被動句的時態是由be動詞來體現的。掌握了被動句的基本結構和主、被動句的相互轉換關係，在考試中就可以不變應萬變。
2. 被動語態的考查不是孤立的，而是與時態緊密聯繫的。上文已提到，初中階段要求掌握九種被動結構，其中，尤以一般過去時、現在完成時、一般將來時和含有情態動詞的被動語態在考題中出現頻率最高。例如：
(1) The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.
A. were told B. is telling C. was told D. tells
(2) A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.
A. must B. must be C. has D. have
因此，在中考複習時應注意熟記被動語態的結構，並與時態複習相結合，反覆練習。這裡介紹一種「錯位相加法」，可以有效地提高學習效率。
首先記住一般現在時和一般過去時的被動語態；
②現在進行時的被動語態：
③過去進行時的被動語態：
④現在完成時的被動語態：
⑤過去完成時的被動語態：
⑥一般將來時的被動語態：
⑦過去將來時的被動語態：
⑧ 含有情態動詞的被動語態
3. 注意被動語態的幾個特殊情況：
（1）帶雙賓語的兩種被動語態形式：
① 把指人的間接賓語用作被動句的主語，如：
She gave me a book.→
I was given a book by her.
② 把指物的直接賓語用作被動句的主語，此時，間接賓語前需加介詞to或for, 如：
She gave me a book. →
A book was given to me by her.
She bought me a present. →
A present was bought for me by her.
Her mother gave her a new pen. （變為被動語態）
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.
(2) 原則上，只有及物動詞才有被動語態，但是，許多不及物動詞加上介詞或者副詞，變成及物動詞短語，這時也可有被動語態。此時應注意短語的整體性，即後面的介詞或副詞不要丟掉。例如：
We should speak to old people politely. →
Old people should be spoken to politely by us.
She will take good care of the children. （變為被動語態）
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ by her.
（3）複合賓語的主動句在轉換成被動句時，那些感官動詞和使役動詞如make，see，feel等後所省略的動詞不定式to需被還原。例如：
My teacher made me do my homework. →
I was made to do my homework by my teacher.
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday. （變為被動語態）
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
4. 不宜使用被動語態的幾種情況：
（1）有些動詞如happen和動詞短語如take place是沒有被動語態的。
（2）系動詞沒有被動語態。例如：
The cake smells delicious.
5. 熟記教材中與被動語態相關的固定搭配和句型。例如：be made of / from /in / by, be used for/ as 等。
—Your coat looks nice. Is it ______ cotton？
—Yes. It's ______ Shanghai.
A. made of；made by B. made of；made in
C. made for；made by D. made for；made in
6. 被動語態上出錯的原因一般有以下幾個方面：
（1） 中文影響根深蒂固，沒有明了中、英文的差異。在漢語中有很多諸如「作業做好了」、「黑板已經擦過了」等等不用被動語態的句子，但這些句子在英語中都得使用被動語態：The homework has been finished. The blackboard has been cleaned. 按照漢語的習慣來說英語，出錯自然在所難免。
另外，並不是所有的漢語被動句都出現「被」字的。在漢語中，「受」、「遭到」、「讓」、「叫」等都有「被」的含義。相應地，在英語中也應使用被動語態。
（2） 練習得不夠，沒有形成自覺的語法意識。沒有把知識真正轉化成運用能力。這和懂得籃球規則卻未必能打好籃球是同樣道理。因此，在複習時應儘可能多地進行練習，達到習慣成自然的境界。
（3）缺乏一定的做題技巧，常常不會判斷是否該用被動語態。下面介紹幾種被動語態的判斷技巧：
① 當句中出現by sb.，with sth.短語時常使用被動語態，如：
The door was locked by me.（門是被我鎖上的。）
The road was covered with snow.（馬路上覆蓋著雪。）
②及物動詞之後沒有賓語常需用被動語態，如：
I _____ (ask) to answer the question.
③當主語和謂語動詞之間形成邏輯上的被動關係時應使用被動語態，如上文所提到的句子「黑板已經擦過了」：
The blackboard _______(clean).
【典型例題】
一、單項選擇
( ) 1. The medicine in a dry and cool place.
A. keep B. must keep C. must be kept D. must be keep
( ) 2. A talk on Chinese history in the school hall next week.
A. is given B. has been given
C. will be given D. will give
( ) 3. Today ,the forests have almost gone. People must down too many trees.
A. stop to out B. stop from cutting
C. be stopped to cut D. be stopped from cutting
( ) 4. About 500 cars in the factory next month.
A. were produced B. will produce
C. have been produced D. will be produced
( ) 5. The key for locking the classroom door.
A. uses B. is used C. is using D. use
( ) 6. A new school over there in two years.
A. may build B. may be built C. is built
( ) 7. The man who lived alone on that island thought he never .
A. will ,find B. would ,be found C. is ,found D. had ,been found
( ) 8. Computers are very useful. For example ,they can sending e-mail.
A. use for B. be used of C. be used for D. use of
( ) 9. What a nice garden !
It every day.
A. is cleaning B. has cleaned C. must clean D. is cleaned
( ) 10. This work next week.
A. may finish B. finish C. finishes D. may be finished
( ) 11. My house in 1995. We have lived there for nearly five years.
A. was build B. has built C. is built D. were built
( ) 12. The lost boy early this morning.
A. found B. was founded C. was found D. founded
( ) 13. That white building two years ago ,but it is quite old now.
A. built B. was built C. is built D. builds
( ) 14. The big tree by my mother ten years ago.
A. was planted B. planted C. has planted D. was planting
二. 用括號中動詞被動結構的適當形式填空。
1. English widely (use) in the world.
2. These pictures must (keep) well.
3. She (fall) ill last night ,and she (take) to the hospital at once.
4. Now rice and wheat (grow) in my hometown ,too. Look !The crops__________(grow) fast in the fields.
5. The Great Wall (know) all over the world.
6. the street lights usually (turn) on at seven in summer evening ?
7. this kind of car (produce) in Wuhan ?
8. the doctor (send) for last night ?
9. We used a teapot before the thermos (invent).
10. Three children (take) good care of by the nurse.
11. Some new houses (build) by the villagers themselves.
12. What language (speak) in Japan ?
13. The black bike (buy) in that shop three days ago.
14. The doctor said Jim must (operate) on at once.
15. The big tree (blow) down in the storm last night.
三、將下列主動語態改為被動語態。
1. You needn’t do it now.
2. You must finish your homework now.
3. We can do the work today.
4. She had done the work by the end of last month.
5. The writer has written many stories for that magazine(雜誌).
6. He was doing his homework at this time yesterday.
7. My brother is reading the book now.
8. They founded that hospital in 1996.
9. Yesterday we played football after school.
10. People all over the world know the Great Wall.
11. He often helps his brother.
12. Do you learn Unit 8 ?
13. Does Li Lei do his homework at home ?
14. Did Miss Gao speak English yesterday ?
15. When did Mike visit China ?
16. Why do you tell her the thing ?
【模擬試題】（答題時間：15分鐘）
一. 單項選擇
( ) 1. — Oh, this is really a big cinema. Do you know when it ?
— Sorry, I have no idea.
A. built B. was built C. has built D. is built
( ) 2. The doctor examined Simon carefully after he to the hospital.
A. takes B. is taken C. took D. was taken
( ) 3. Today English by more and more people around the world.
A. is spoken B. was spoken C. spoke D. speaks
( ) 4. It is said that potato chips by mistake about a hundred years ago.
A. invent B. invented C. are invented D. were invented
( ) 5. — Computers are very important today.
— Yes, they widely in both cities and towns.
A. are used B. were using C. were used D. are using
( ) 6. — Did Simon come to the Jane’s birthday party yesterday?
— No, he .
A. wasn’t invited B. didn’t invite C. isn’t invited D. hasn’t invited
( ) 7. — Mum, may I play computer games this afternoon?
— You can if your homework .
A. has done B. will do C. is done D. will be done
( ) 8. This painting to a museum in New York in 2002.
A. sells B. sold C. was sold D. is sold
( ) 9. I believe that those mountains with trees in a few years.
A. are covered B. will be covered C. are covering D. will cover
( )10. It is said that about 6,000 cars in the factory next month.
A. were produced B. will produce
C. are produced D. will be produced
( )11. — When this MP4 player ?
— Last year.
A. did; make B. was; made C. is; made D. has; made
( )12. — Can you tell me whom the play in 2000?
— Sorry, I don’t know.
A. was written by B. was written C. is written by D. is written
( )13. — Where are the students?
— Oh, they football on the playground just now.
A. were seen play B. were seen to play
C. have seen to play D. have seen play
( )14. No one knows how the huge rocks and without modern machines eight hundred years ago.
A. were cut; moved B. were cut; move
C. are cut; moving D. are cut; moved
( )15. — What does the radio say?
— It says that another park in the city in a year.
A. is building B. was built C. is built D. will be built
( )16. When and where to build the new hospital yet.
A. has not been decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. is not decided
( )17. — What did Miss Zhang say to you just now?
— She said that all the books should to the library on time.
A. are returned B. return C. be returned D. be returning
( )18. Mary doesn’t have to be made . She always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
( )19. The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he .
A. must be taken good care B. must take good care of
C. must be looked after well D. must look after well
( )20. This pen well.
A. is written B. will be written C. writes D. is writing
二. 將下列主動語態的句子改為被動語態，被動語態的句子改為主動語態。
1. I bought a nice present for my teacher.
2. You must finish the work before Thursday.
3. We call the little boy Daniel.
4. He turned on the computer an hour ago.
5. We often hear her sing this song.
6. Yao Ming is regarded as one of the most popular basketball players in the world.
7. The bike was mended by Mr Black.
8. Daniel was seen to swim in the river yesterday.
9. The elephant couldn’t be made to go (by them).
10. Have many man-made satellites been sent up into space by them up to now?
【試題答案】
一、
1~5 BDADA 6~10 ACCBD 11~15 BABAD 16~20 ACBCC
二、
1. A nice present was bought for my teacher (by me)./ My teacher was bought a nice present (by me).
2. The work must be finished before Thursday.
3. The little boy is called Daniel (by us).
4. The computer was turned on (by him) an hour ago.
5. She is often heard to sing this song (by us).
6. People regard Yao Ming as one of the most popular basketball players in the world.
7. Mr Black mended the bike.
8. Someone saw Daniel swim in the river yesterday.
9. They couldn’t make the elephant go.
10. Have they sent up many man-made satellites into space up to now?