實用英語語法
第二十五講
定語從句
在複合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句屬於形容詞性從句。
定語從句所修飾的詞 語法上叫先行詞。 定語從句放在先行詞後面，由關係代詞that、which、who、 which、 whose和關係副詞where 、when，引導從句。
對中學生來說，定語從句是英語語法中最難的存在，為什麼？
因為關係代詞和關係副詞一方面要引導定語從句，另一方面它們還指代先行詞在定語從句中充當主語，賓語，狀語或定語中的某一句子成分。這是我們掌握定語從句的關鍵。
所以在定語從句中要選擇相應的關係代詞和關係副詞，就要看它指代的先行詞在從句中充當什麼成分：
1）做主語或賓語，用that, which, who, whom
如果先行詞是人，在從句中做主語或賓語，可以用who/whom /that。
如果先行詞是物，在從句中做主語或賓語，可以用which/that。
做主語關係詞不可省略，做賓語時可以省略哦。
The man who is making the speech is a scientist from the USA.
在演講的人是來自美國的科學家。
The doctor (who/whom /that) I saw yesterday was very kind.
我昨天見到的醫生很和藹。
The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.
我們這個夏天的天氣很好。
Some pages in the book (that) I bought last week is missing.
我上周買的書中有幾頁不見了。
注意：如果先行詞是不定代詞，要用that指代：
Is there anything (that) we can do for you?
我們能為你做些什麼嗎？
Everything (that) he says seems silly to me.
他說的每一句話在我看來都很愚蠢。
All (that) you need is a good night's sleep.
= What you need is a good night's sleep.
你只需要睡個好覺。
意思相同，但句型結構不同。
All是主語，(that) you need是定語從句修飾它；
What you need是主語從句。
大家能明白嗎？
先行詞有形容詞最高級，序數詞以及any, very, only, all, no, just 等所修飾，要用that指代：
It is the best film (that) I've ever seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
The only thing (that) he cares is money.
他唯一關心的是錢。
The second book that was written two years later was a great success.
兩年後寫的第二本書非常成功。
現代口語裡that常常代替關係副詞，取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導定語從句。
這也說明語言是發展的，語法會有不斷簡化的過程。The family moved to Beijing the year（that / when / in which） he was born.
他出生那年全家搬到了北京。 He has no idea about the village（that / where / in which） he lived in his childhood.
他對小時候住過的村莊沒有印象了。
非限制性定語從句中，先行詞為物體，用which，而不用that
The dog, which had been with the family for 7 years, died last week.
陪伴了他們7年的狗上周去世了。
非限制性定語從句中，which還可以指代整個句子
Chris left without a word, which is quite a surprise.
克裡斯一聲不吭地走了，真讓人吃驚。
which指代Chris left without a word
They all blamed it on me, which isn't what I'd expected.
他們都怪我，這我想也沒想到。
which指代They all blamed it on me
2）做地點狀語，用where或介詞+which
This is the very house where/in which the great musician was born.
= This is the very house (which/that) the great musician was born in.
which/that 指代house做介詞in的賓語
He has just come back from London, where he had worked for twenty years.
他剛從倫敦回來，他以前在那裡工作了二十年。
This is the house which was built a hundred years ago.
這是一百年前建造的房子。
3）做時間狀語，用when或介詞+which
There are times when (at which) you need some help.
有時你需要幫助。
I'll never forget the days when (in which) we spent together with you.
我永遠不會忘記和你在一起的日子。
注意，地點名詞和時間名詞，不一定做狀語，也常常做主語，賓語等
The Great wall which/that was biult thousands of year ago attracts numerous tourists every year.
長城修建於幾千年前，每年吸引著無數的遊客。
I'd like to go to the island which/that I visited last year.
我想去我去年去過的那個島。
4）做原因狀語 用why或for which
It can't be the reason why he quit his job.
這不可能是他辭職的原因。
Is this the reason why（for which）you don't like the book?
這就是你不喜歡這本書的原因嗎？
5）做定語，用whose或of which:
They live in a house whose walls/ the walls of which are red.
他們住在一所紅牆房子裡。
Yesterday I met an old friend, whose hair has already turned grey.
昨天我遇到一位老朋友，他已經兩鬢蒼蒼。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請把封面是綠色的那本書遞給我。
定語從句可以說在英語裡是作用最大的。它不僅僅限定修飾，也可以解釋，說明，表示條件，原因等等。
圖片來自網絡，版權為原作者所有