考研英語閱讀能力提升需要不斷地積累練習，通過閱讀來積累詞彙量，提升閱讀速度和理解能力。暑期強化複習，閱讀強度要加大，新東方網考研頻道繼續分享一些有關政治、經濟、文化、生活、體育、科技等方面的文章，大家要多多拓展。下面一篇文章是關於裡約之後 興奮劑將更難檢測。
2017考研英語拓展閱讀：裡約之後 興奮劑將更難檢測
Doping scandals marred the runup to the Rio Olympics and other games of the recent past. Now, scientists warn that cheating could rise to a new level using genetic research.
興奮劑醜聞給裡約奧運會和最近的其他比賽蒙上了一層陰影。現在，科學家警告稱，如果使用基因技術，作弊將上升到一個新的高度。
There are already a number of products and methods used to boost athletic performance that the International Olympic Committee considers to be illegal. For example, there’s a hormone that can boost red blood cell production, making more oxygen available. That increases endurance. Then there are anabolic steroids and human growth hormone, which promote muscle growth.
現在國際奧委會已經認定很多用來提高運動員成績的產品和手段是非法的了。例如，有一種激素可以促進紅細胞生長，製造更多洋氣。這樣就可以提高耐力。還有可以促進肌肉生長的同化性類固醇和人類生長激素。
There are a couple of types of blood doping. One involves a transfusion of the athlete’s own blood that had been removed earlier and stored. The second method uses blood from another person, but of the same type as the athlete’s blood. Both methods raise the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen.
還有兩種血液興奮劑。一種是運動員提前把自己的血液抽出並儲存起來，賽前再輸回去;另一種是使用相同血型的其他人的血液。這兩種方法都能夠提高血液中紅細胞的數量。
Carl Johan Sundberg, a professor of molecular exercise physiology at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm and a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s gene doping panel, said scientists have gotten pretty good at detecting doping substances, as long as there’s not too much time between doping and testing.
瑞典斯德哥爾摩卡羅林斯卡醫學院分子運動生理學教授、也是世界反興奮劑機構基因興奮劑小組成員卡爾·喬安·桑德伯格說，科學家們已經很好地掌握了檢測藥物成分的方法，只要服藥時間和檢測時間不要間隔太久。
The illegal substances used "fade out over — depending on the type of drug — days, weeks or months," he said. "But with the new techniques and the new discoveries of long-term metabolites, metabolic steroids, weeks have become months. So the chance of detection has gone up a lot, which is why retesting recently of samples from the London and Beijing Olympic Games has shown that there’s a higher prevalence of doping usage than was assumed with the previous testing methodologies."
運動員體內的的非法藥物含量「依藥物種類而定——會隨著時間減少，可能是幾天，也可能是幾周、幾個月。」他說，「但是隨著技術手段的發達和長效代謝類固醇的問世，這個時間還會延長。所以檢測的機會提升了很多，這就是為什麼倫敦奧運會和北京奧運會之間進行的重新檢測，檢出的藥物使用率非常之高，比用傳統技術手段檢測高得多。」
The next phase of cheating, however, may involve gene doping, which Sundberg defined as "the administration of nucleic acids of some sort — mainly DNA or other types of similar molecules — that are put into the body normally in health care for the purpose of gene therapy to treat specific disorders." But athletes, he said, would be seeking "to boost certain genes that may improve performance. We don’t know yet whether this has been done anywhere, but presumably, nevertheless, it will be used sometime."
桑德伯格認為，下一階段的作弊可能會是基因層面的用藥，用他的話說就是「控制一些核酸——比如脫氧核糖核酸和具有相似分子的核酸——這種手段本來是作為基因療法用來治療一些紊亂的。」但是他說，運動員們「可能會刺激一些可以幫助提高成績的基因。我們不知道有沒有過這種做法，但是無論如何，這種方法早晚都會出現的。」
WADA has been funding research to improve detection methods. Recently, the first test was unveiled for levels of artificial EPO genetic material in the body. EPO is a naturally occurring hormone that can trigger red blood cell growth in the bone marrow.
世界反興奮劑機構在提升檢測手段上投入了很多資金。最近，有一種檢測方法就可以檢測促紅細胞生成素類基因物質在人體中的水平。促紅細胞生成素是一種自然生成的激素，能夠促進骨髓中紅細胞的生長。
Another possibility is injecting artificial genes into muscles. Researchers are already trying to do that to help people with muscle-wasting diseases. "So, if an athlete would illicitly copy that and use that, you could inject such gene material into the muscle and possibly enhance muscle mass," Sundberg said.
另一種可能是往肌肉中注射人造基因。研究人員們已經用這種方法幫助患有肌肉耗損病症的人們。「所以，如果運動員們非法使用這種方法，他們就會往肌肉中注射這種基因物質，可能會增加肌肉的質量。」桑德伯格說。
Sundberg warned that there are health risks to athletes who use gene doping. For instance, there can be adverse effects on the immune system from the virus that carries the artificial genes through the body. Those genes also could cause cancer because of an enhanced growth of cells.
桑德伯格警告稱，使用基因興奮劑的運動員可能會有健康風險。例如，免疫系統會產生副作用，病毒會隨著人造基因遊走全身。因為細胞的異常生長，這些基因還可能引發癌症。
（實習小編陳曉波寄語：有計劃就去做，不要總找藉口。）