實用英語語法
第十三講
實義動詞
實義動詞的基本特徵
表示動作的動詞有兩個特徵需要我們體會:
1. 實義動詞根據持續時間可以分為延續性動詞和短暫性動詞
wear 穿著(延續性動詞) put on 穿上(短暫性動詞)
stay 留在(延續性動詞) leave 離開(短暫性動詞)
很容易,是不是?
關鍵是要記住在句子中如果是一段時間,就一定不能用短暫性動詞!要知道用具有相同意思的延續性動詞代替它們。尤其是在完成時裡,對很多人來說如何正確表達是個大難題。
He fell asleep immediately. ()
他馬上就睡著了。
He has slept for 9 hours. ()
他睡了9個小時了。
He has gone to New York. ()
他去紐約了(可能在來回的路上,也可能已經在紐約)
但要表示去過幾次,得這樣說:
He has never been to New York. ()
他沒去過紐約
He has been to New York 3 times. ()
他去過3次紐約。
How long have you arrived here? ()
arrive 到達是短暫性動詞,得用been代替。
How long have you been here? ()
你到這多久了?
His father has left his hometown since he was 15 years old. ()
leave是短暫性動詞,不能和一段時間連用。
His father has been away from his hometown since he was 15 years old. ()
他父親從十五歲就離開家鄉了。
His father left his hometown when he was 15 years old. ()
他父親十五歲時離開家鄉。
還有一種情況,要正確使用until也要注意謂語動詞是延續性動詞還是短暫性動詞:
He didn't sleep until 2 o'clock in the morning. ()
He didn't go to bed until 2 o'clock in the morning. ()
他凌晨2點才睡覺。
如果謂語動詞是延續性動詞,要用肯定句表達;如果是短暫性動詞一定要用否定句表達。
We waited for him until he called to tell us he couldn't come.
我們一直等到他打電話來說他來不來了。
She didn't show up until we left.
我們走了後她才到。
以下是一些延續性動詞和短暫性動詞互換,供大家參考
1. 動詞換動詞:
buy→have
borrow→keep
come/go/become→be,
catch/get a cold→have a cold
get to know→know
put on→wear
put on→be on
come to work→work
begin to study→study
2. 動詞換系動詞be:
join the club→ be a club member be a member of the club
join the army→be a soldier/be in the army
go to school→be a student/be in/at school
die→be dead
finish/end→be over
begin/start→be on
come→be here/in
go→be away
go out→be out
arrive/get/reach/move→be in/at
move→be out of
leave→be away(from)
go /get to sleep→sleep
fall asleep→be asleep
wake→be awake
get up→be up
fall ill→be ill/sick
open→be open
close→be closed
lose→be lost
break→be broken
marry→be married
2. 實義動詞根據是否跟賓語才能表達完整意思,可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。
及物動詞和不及物動詞的區別也是許多初學英語的朋友頗為頭疼的一個問題。其實一般來說,在中文裡需要加上賓語的英語裡也一樣,也就是說,我們母語裡是及物動詞,英語裡也大多是及物動詞:
火車5點半到的。
The train arrived at 5:30.
火車5點半到站的。
The train arrived at the station at 5:30.
(不及物動詞可以跟介詞賓語)
We waited and waited.
我們等啊等。
We are waiting for our teacher.
我們在等老師。
They left early in the morning.
他們一早就走了。
The sun rises in the East.
太陽從東方升起。
當然,中文有時很靈活,「發生火災了」,「火災發生了」
英語裡一般只有:A fire broke out.
簡而言之,及物不及物等我們熟悉英語到一定程度,那都不是個事!