高考英語書面表達—概要寫作高分技巧及訓練
【技巧點撥】
寫概要寫作時要先讀懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者觀點，抓關鍵詞，篩選與主旨有關的主要信息。然後，藉助已掌握的語言知識，對原語篇進行「濃縮」，寫出一個新的語篇。而新的語篇，既要做到在語篇結構、語篇銜接和連貫各要素上與原文保持一致，又要做到簡明扼要、意義完整、結構嚴密和語句通順。
一、寫作步驟
考生可以從以下五個步驟來進行概要寫作：
1．通讀全文，判斷體裁
一篇概要寫作是否正確、有條理，能否把握文章的體裁，都是建立在理解原文的基礎上的。因此，通讀全文可以為考生從宏觀上把握文章的主旨和結構、行文邏輯，判斷文章的體裁奠定基礎。
2．查找信息，分清主次
概要寫作，要求考生具有從文章中抽取主幹和找到關鍵信息的能力。在第二遍細讀時，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，把次要信息剔除，以免影響概要寫作的簡潔性；同時，要養成在重點詞句下做出標記的習慣。
3．概括大意，提煉內容
考生在理解全文內容，弄清主次關係之後，可以初步寫出每段的段落大意，注意要忠於原文，避免出現遺漏要點或增添要點的情況。
4．獲取要點，靈活表達
為了使所寫概要簡明、扼要，要對羅列的每段大意進行整合；同時為了避免使用原文的句子，需要考生靈活採用同義詞或近義詞進行替換，用不同的句式進行轉換，並在必要的地方使用連接詞，使表達連貫通順。
5．檢查修改，整理謄寫
寫完初稿後，需要在內容上、語言上以及上下文的連貫性上進行檢查：看是否包括了原文的所有要點，語言詞彙的運用是否準確和地道，以及行文是否流暢；另外，還要注意詞數限制和書寫規範。
二、概要寫作要做到以下幾點：
1.簡潔性：即用儘量少的語言對較長原文的簡潔重述；
2.自主性：即用自己的話語進行概寫，避免對原文進行抄襲照搬；
3.理解性：即表現作者對原文本的精準理解。需要注意的是，考生不能對原文進行解釋和評論，也不能摻雜任何個人想法，或做出任何評判，因此不能出現「I believe」, 「I think」等字句；
4.忠實性：即概寫內容和中心思想必須忠於原文主旨，不可偏離主題、肆意篡改；
5.連貫性：概要寫作並非簡單羅列要點，各個要點之間要有恰當銜接，使概要銜接緊密、脈絡清晰。寫出的概要讀起來要完整連貫、獨立成篇。
三、閱卷時將主要考慮以下內容：
(1)對原文要點的理解和呈現情況;
(2)應用語法結構和詞彙的準確性;
(3)上下文的連貫性;
(4)對各要點表達的獨立性情況。
四、改寫句子基本方法
1．同義替換法
Tom thought of an idea.
→An idea occurred to Tom.
2．正話反說法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→I don’t think wealth is more important than health.
3．詞性轉換法
Your suggestions are super valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great value.
4．利用介詞短語法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
5．句式變化法
(1)語態變換
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)簡單句變複合句
The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)連詞銜接法
He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than going.
(4)詞序改變法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)利用特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
五、高分技巧
【技巧點撥】
寫概要寫作時要先讀懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者觀點，抓關鍵詞，篩選與主旨有關的主要信息。然後，藉助已掌握的語言知識，對原語篇進行「濃縮」，寫出一個新的語篇。而新的語篇，既要做到在語篇結構、語篇銜接和連貫各要素上與原文保持一致，又要做到簡明扼要、意義完整、結構嚴密和語句通順。
一）寫作步驟
考生可以從以下五個步驟來進行概要寫作：
1．通讀全文，判斷體裁
一篇概要寫作是否正確、有條理，能否把握文章的體裁，都是建立在理解原文的基礎上的。因此，通讀全文可以為考生從宏觀上把握文章的主旨和結構、行文邏輯，判斷文章的體裁奠定基礎。
2．查找信息，分清主次
概要寫作，要求考生具有從文章中抽取主幹和找到關鍵信息的能力。在第二遍細讀時，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，把次要信息剔除，以免影響概要寫作的簡潔性；同時，要養成在重點詞句下做出標記的習慣。
3．概括大意，提煉內容
考生在理解全文內容，弄清主次關係之後，可以初步寫出每段的段落大意，注意要忠於原文，避免出現遺漏要點或增添要點的情況。
4．獲取要點，靈活表達
為了使所寫概要簡明、扼要，要對羅列的每段大意進行整合；同時為了避免使用原文的句子，需要考生靈活採用同義詞或近義詞進行替換，用不同的句式進行轉換，並在必要的地方使用連接詞，使表達連貫通順。
5．檢查修改，整理謄寫
寫完初稿後，需要在內容上、語言上以及上下文的連貫性上進行檢查：看是否包括了原文的所有要點，語言詞彙的運用是否準確和地道，以及行文是否流暢；另外，還要注意詞數限制和書寫規範。
二）改寫句子基本方法
1．同義替換法
Tom thought of an idea.
→An idea occurred to Tom.
2．正話反說法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→I don’t think wealth is more important than health.
3．詞性轉換法
Your suggestions are super valuable.
→Your suggestions are of great value.
4．利用介詞短語法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
5．句式變化法
(1)語態變換
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)簡單句變複合句
The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)連詞銜接法
He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than going.
(4)詞序改變法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)利用特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
【真題訓練】
閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
【2019·浙江】Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, 「We』ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.」 By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents』 praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. 「We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,」 says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. 「One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.」
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
【參考範文】
Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids.(要點1) However, both too much and too little praise can be damaging.(要點2) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and focus on the process rather than the result.(要點3) They are supposed to give praise according to how much effort their kids have put into the work they chose to do.(要點4)
概要寫作專項練習
1. 閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
While many of us go to sleep before midnight, some teenagers choose to stay up much later. They are not driven by the burning desire to write a better essay or achieve a higher grade. Instead, they are busy playing online games. Known as young Internet addicts, they have long been a problem in China. A report released in 2016 by the China Youth Association for Network Development showed that there were over 24 million young Internet addicts among China’s young urban Internet users. The report also said that over 18 million youths had a tendency to develop Internet addiction.
To deal with the problem of Internet addiction among teenagers, the Cyberspace Administration of China has released draft regulations which carried out a ban on online gaming. If the regulations are adopted，under-18s would be banned from playing online games between midnight and 8 am.
As soon as the government’s draft law surfaced, it drew great attention from the public. Some applauded the law as a way to better protect minors (未成年人)，saying that too much overnight gaming is harmful to minors』 health and believing the period between midnight and 8 am to be vital to human physical functions. However, others wondered whether it would be practical if it came into effect, as minors could just borrow their parents』 IDs to register accounts to play online games. The Guangming Daily suggested that parents should help their teenagers find a balance between the cyber world and the real world.
China is by no means the only one trying to fight against teenager gaming addiction. Germany introduced a regulation in 2002 in an attempt to stop minors from playing online games from 10 pm to 6 am. Meanwhile，the UK，the US and Australia have forced a rating system on computer games to make sure that teenagers cannot access 「adult」 content such as violence，sex or bad language.
【答案】
Many teenagers in China have become addicted to overnight online games. Thus，the government released a draft law to solve the long-lasting issue. Some people welcomed the law because it is beneficial to the teenagers』 health，while others doubted whether it would be effective. Actually, many other countries have also been making laws against the youth online addiction.
（來自網絡，鳴謝作者）
2021-02-04 北京朝陽