一、 情態動詞基本知識:
1. 主要的情態動詞有:
must, will, would, should, can, could, may, might, shall, should
另外屬於情態動詞還有:
ought to, have to, used to, need, dare, had better, would rather, might as well
2. 情態動詞+動詞原形共同構成謂語,用來表現各式各樣的語氣或態度,不能單獨使用。
3. 情態動詞主要有兩種用法
同樣一個情態動詞,可能有兩種不同的用法。以下面這兩個句子為例:
1. You must do your homework more carefully.
你做作業必須更仔細。
2. John must be very careless.
約翰一定是很粗心。
情態動詞用在第1句的這種情況,可以表達意願、義務、責任、能力、許可等等。這可以稱為情態動詞的「一般用法」。
如果用在第2句的情況,則是用來「表示猜測」。
二、 情態動詞一般用法
1. must / mustn't 表示「義務,說話人主觀認為非常重要的事」
沒有時態變化,沒有第三人稱單數形式「-s」
mustn't是can的否定形式, 正式和書面語用must not。
疑問形式:must I, must you等. We must all keep together.
我們一定不能走散。(現在時間)
He said we must all keep together.
他說我們一定不能走散。(過去時間)
have to / has to 必須,不得不 表示需要,規定或別人要求我們做的事。
Children have to start school when they are seven.
孩子們七歲就得開始上學。 Baby birds have to learn how to fly or they won 't survive.
雛鳥必須學會飛翔,否則就活不下去了。 Do we have to buy another ticket to see this part of the castle?
我們要再買一張票才能看到城堡的這一部分嗎? I don 't have to go to work tomorrow.
我明天不必去上班。 An ancient times athletes didn't have to take drugs tests.
古代的運動員不必做毒品測試。
第一人稱 I must and I have to意義差別不大. Sorry, I really have to go now.
對不起,我真的得走了。
Sorry, I really must go now!
對不起,我真的要走了!
其他句子裡往往有所區別.
You must be more careful!
你必須更加小心!(= 說話人的個人意見)
We have to wear safety goggles.
我們得戴護目鏡。(= 規定)
疑問句中have to 比must更常用. Do I have to sit here?
我必須坐這兒嗎? mustn't和don't have to
意思完全不同。
mustn't表示「禁止」做某事
don't have to 表示「沒必要」做某事 You mustn't throw things in the science lab! It's dangerous!
你不能把東西扔進在科學實驗室! 這很危險! You mustn't use a pencil.
你不能用鉛筆。 You don't have to use a pen.
你不必用鋼筆。
You don't have to come tomorrow.
明天你不必來。
2. will / would
表示「願意,決心,承諾」時,will/would屬於情態動詞,和單純表示「將來時」的助動詞不一樣。這一對語氣助動詞在一般用法中具有時態的差別,例如:
I will have my own way.
我決定照自己的意思做。(現在時間的未來)
He said he would have his own way.
他說他決定照自己的意思做。(過去時間的未來)
不過,would這種拼法卻也可以用在「現在時間」,例如:
Would you like a cup of coffee? 要來杯咖啡嗎?
這時候用would並不是表示過去時間,而是很「客氣」地詢問對方的意願。
3. shall /should/ought to
當我們覺得對的,不錯的,好主意時,用should, ought to 表示「應該」。
語氣沒有must重. We should always be on time.
我們應該一直保持準時的習慣。(現在時間)
He said we should leave early, and we did.
他說我們應該早點動身,我們也照辦了。(過去時間)
You shouldn't talk too much.
你不該說得太多。 建議。 I think you should study biology next year.
我認為你明年應該學習生物學。 ought to / ought not to 相當於 should / should not.
I think you ought to apologize to him.
我想你應該向他道歉。
Ought we to go?
我們應該去嗎?
You oughtn't to have done that.
那件事你實在不該做的。
Shall通常只用於shall I, shall we這種以第一人稱「詢問對方意願」,例如:
Shall we go now?
我們是不是該動身了?
Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please. 另外,shall也可以用相當正式的語氣表達說話者強烈的決心,例如:
The enemy shall not pass!
絕對不容敵人通過!(我絕不會讓敵人通過)
4. can/could
一般表示「有能力,有權利」。它具有現在時間與過去時間的差別,例如:
表示「能力」的情態動詞 表示能力或缺乏能力.
Many animals can see clearly in the dark. Human beings can't do this.
許多動物在黑暗中能看得很清楚。人類不能做到這一點。
We don't know how fast Ancient Greek athletes could run.
我們不知道古希臘運動員能跑多快。
I can drink a dozen beers in an hour.
我一小時可以喝得下一打啤酒。(現在時間)
Last night there was something wrong with my stomach, and I couldn't even finish one beer.
昨天晚上我肚子有毛病,連一瓶啤酒都喝不完。(過去時間)
但是,could也可以用在現在時間,例如:
Could you please help me with my homework?
能不能拜託你教我做功課?(表現特別客氣的語氣) 表示可以(允許). You can look at the animals in the zoo but you can't touch them.
你可以看動物園裡的動物,但你不能碰它們。
Women couldn't compete or watch the ancient Olympic Games.
婦女不能參加古代奧運會或觀看比賽。 也可以表達將來的意思. Sorry, but I can't come to the party next week.
對不起,我下周不能來參加聚會了。 表達能力時can = be able to Many animals can/are able to see in the dark.
許多動物能在黑暗中看見東西。 can只有現在和過去形式, 所以在其他時態或用非謂語動詞時,要用be able to. I haven't been able to finish my project.
我沒能完成我的計劃。
We hope to be able to visit you next month.
我們希望下個月能夠拜訪你。 He tried hard but wasn't able to win the race.
他拼搏了,但無法贏得比賽。 Fortunately was able to finish the race.
幸運的是他能跑完全程。
5. may/might
表示「準許,許可」,有時態的差別,例如:
You may go now.
你們現在可以走了。(現在時間)
He said we might go.
他說我們可以走了。(過去時間)
might仍然可以用在現在時間,例如:
Might I ask a big favor of you?
不知道可不可以請您幫個大忙?(語氣上特別的客氣)
6. need
I don't think you need go.
我不認為你需要去。
Need I remind you of the consequences?
需要我提醒你後果有多嚴重嗎?
You needn't do that. 你不必那樣做。
He need not take the exam.
他不必參加考試。
Need除了當情態動詞,也可以當做動詞使用。例如:
Do I need to remind you of the consequences?
我需要提醒你的後果? You don't need to come tomorrow.
你明天不必來。 Do I need to bring my dictionary?
我需要帶字典嗎?
7. dare
I'm not sure I dare touch that snake.
我不知道敢不敢摸那條蛇。
Dare you sleep in that haunted house alone?
你敢一個人睡那間鬼屋嗎?
I dare not tell my wife the truth.
我不敢告訴我太太真相。
另外,和need一樣,dare也可以當動詞使用,例如:
I'm not sure I dare to touch that snake.
我不敢肯定我敢不敢碰這條蛇。
Do you dare to sleep in that haunted house alone?
你敢獨自在那個鬧鬼的房子裡睡覺嗎?
I don't dare to tell my wife the truth.
我不敢告訴我的妻子真相。
8. had better
I think we had better leave now.
我想我們最好現在走吧。
Hadn't we better be leaving now?
我們現在動身不是比較好嗎?
You had better not lie to me.
你最好別騙我。
9. would rather
I would rather go abroad than study at a local graduate school.
我寧願出國,不想念本地的研究所。
Would you rather stay here? 你是不是寧願留下來?
I would rather not talk about it. 這件事情我不想談。
10. might as well
We might as well walk, with so much traffic on the road.
路上車子那麼多,我們還不如走路算了。
We might as well not drive at all.
我們不如乾脆不要開車。
三、 情態動詞表示猜測的用法
除了上述的一般用法,這些主要情態動詞也都可以用於「猜測」。
用於猜測時,will/would, can/could, may/might這三對已經完全沒有表達「時態」的功能、只用來表現「語氣」的輕重:will, can, may用於相對比較「有把握」的猜測,would, could, might則是比較「沒把握」的猜測。
而且,情態動詞+have done表示對「過去的猜測」。以下按照語氣輕重的順序逐一介紹,從「最有把握」的must到「最無把握」的might。
must
Listen! It must be raining hard outside.
你聽,外頭一定在下大雨。(猜現在)
It must have rained last night—the ground is still wet.
昨天晚上一定下過雨了——地上還是溼的。(猜過去)
will
That will be George at the door, I expect.
我看在門口的一定是喬治。(猜現在)
You will all have heard the news last night.
你們昨天晚上一定都聽到消息了。(猜過去)
would
This seat would be mine, right?(猜現在)
這個位子應該是我的吧,是嗎?
That would have been the mailman just now; I found some new mail in the box.
剛剛應該是郵差,我看到信箱裡有新郵件。(猜過去)
should
We should be on the right track.
我們走的路應該沒錯。(猜現在)
He should have left; his car is gone.
他應該已經出門了;他的車子不在。(猜過去)
can
Where can he be at this hour?
這種時間他會在哪裡呢?(猜現在)
Where can he have gone?
他會跑到哪裡去了呢?(猜過去)
could
Of course, I could be wrong.
當然,也有可能是我搞錯了。(猜現在)
The police is here; something could have gone wrong.
警察來了;可能出了岔子。(猜過去)
may
Don't go near that snake; it may be dangerous.
別靠近那條蛇,可能有危險。(猜現在)
It may have been dangerous, but now it's gone.
剛才可能有危險,但是現在已經跑掉了。(猜過去)
might
Bring a compass; you might get lost in the woods.
帶個指北針去吧,你在森林裡說不定會迷路。(猜未來)
Check the answering machine; he might have left a message for you.
聽聽錄音機吧,他說不定給你留了話。(猜過去)
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