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I強調句
1 It is (was) that(who, whom)
句型：It is (was) +被強調的成分+that(who, whom) +其它成分
I am right. 我是對的。
It is I who(that) am right.（強調主語）
They will have a meeting tomorrow. 他們明天開會。
It is they who (that) will have a meeting tomorrow.（強調主語）
就是他們明天要開會。
It is a meeting that they will have tomorrow. （強調賓語）
他們明天是要開個會（而不是幹別的）。
It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.（強調時間狀語）
就在明天他們要開會。
1. 強調句型應注意事項
a. 強調句中通常強調主語、賓語（包括介詞賓語）、狀語、短語和從句。 it本身沒有詞義。
b. 強調句中的連接詞一般只用who，whom（代人），that （可代物，也可代人），即使在強時間狀語從句和地點狀語從句時也如此。
who，whom，that不可以省略
c. that或who，whom之後動詞的人稱和數要與它前面被強調的名詞或代詞一致。（即人稱和數要與原句中的一致）
d. 強調句中的時態只有兩種，一般現在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時，過去完成時和過去進行時時，用It was』其餘的時態用It is。
It was the way he asked that really upset me.
就是他問的方式真的使我生氣了。
Was it during the Second World War that he died?（強調短語）
他就是在第二次世界大戰之中死的嗎？
When was it that the Long March started?
是什麼時候開始長徵的？（強調句子）
2. 強調 it 和先行詞 it 的判別
可用恢復原句來判別，即是把It is(was) that取消，如果剩下的仍能組成一個完整的句子，這就是強調句型，否則就不是。
It is there that accidents often happen.
去掉It is that
There accidents often happen.
那兒經常發生事故。 是一個完整的句子，由此可判斷該例是強調句，它強調地點狀語there。
It is clear that not all boys like football.
很明顯不是所有的男孩都喜歡踢足球。
去掉It is that
Clear not all boys like football.
不是一個完整的句子，因此這不是強調句，而是由it作先行詞引導的一個主語從句。
2 not until 句型的強調句
句型：It is (was) not until +被強調部分+that+其它成分
He didn't go to bed until (till) ten o'clock.
直到十點，他才睡覺。
It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed. （強調句）
Regular radio broadcasts didn't begin till (untill) 1920.
直到1920年，收音機才開始普遍使用。 （在1920年以前收音機沒開始使用。）
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（強調句）
I didn't realize she was a famous film star till (until) she took off her dark glasses.
注意：
此句型只用until，不用till但如果不是強調句型，till，untill可通用。（參見左邊3個例句）
直到這位大明星把她的墨鏡摘下來，我才認出她來。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（強調句）
注意：
因為句型中It(was) is not 已經是否定句了，that後面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
1. 此句型還可用倒裝句來表示
原句：
Li Ming didn't watch TV till(until) he finished his homework.
李明做完作業後才看電視。
強調句：
It was not until Li Ming finished his homework that he watched TV.
倒裝句：
=Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
原句：
The bus will not go until (till) all the people get on it.
直到所有的人都上了車，車才開走。
強調句：
It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
倒裝句：
Not until all the people get on it will the bus go.
Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.
3 謂語動詞的強調
It is (was) that 結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用
助動詞do或did。
Do sit down.
務必請坐。
He did write to you last week.
上周他確實給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street.
過馬路時，務必（千萬）要小心啊！
I did go to see you when you were in Shanghai.
你在上海時，我確實去看過你。
注意：
此種強調只用do和did，沒有別的形式。
過去時用did，後面的謂語動詞用原形。
II 語序
1 定語的語序
在英語中一般常見的句子語序為主語+謂語+賓語，此語序與漢語基本相同，但定語在句中的位置中文和英文略有差異，說明如下：
1. 當定語是單詞或動名詞時
在英語中多將定語放在被修飾詞的前面，與漢語相同。
He is a naughty boy.（形容詞）
他是個淘氣的小孩。
2. 當定語是短語（介詞短語、分詞短語、不定式短語時）或定語從句時放在所修飾詞的後面。
She had a basket full of apples.（短語）
她有一個藍子，裡面裝滿了蘋果。
The boy who is sleeping is my brother.（定語從句）
正在睡覺的小孩是我弟弟。
The students in the room are from Asia.（介詞短語）
這間房子裡的學生們來自亞洲。
3. 當定語是副詞或某些過去分詞時 放在所修飾詞的後面。
The women here are for you.（副詞）
這兒的婦女都支持你。
I like the books written by him.（過去分詞）
我喜歡他寫的書。
2 狀語的語序
狀語：地點→時間
在句子中如果同時有時間狀語和地點狀語，先地點後時間，和漢語序不同，漢語是先時間後地點。
My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.
我媽媽中午在工廠裡吃飯。
III 倒裝
主語和謂語的順序分為兩種:
1．自然語序：主語+謂語
2．倒裝語序：謂語+主語
倒裝語序又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種。
部分倒裝：謂語中的一部分（如助動詞、情態動詞或系動詞 be放在主語前面，其餘部分仍在主語後面。例：
①Only in this way can we work out the physics problem. （態動詞）
只有用這種方法，我們才能解出這道物理題來。
②Never had he had any experience like that. （助動詞）
他從來沒經歷過這樣的事。
③Not only is he a singer,but (also) he is a dancer.
他不僅是一位歌唱家，而且還是位舞蹈家。
全部倒裝：句子中沒有助動詞、情態動詞或系動詞 be 時，要所
語動詞放在主語的前面。例：
①Here comes the bus. 汽車來了。
②Up went the arrow into the sky.
颼的一下子箭射上了天。
③The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.
門一開，一群士兵闖了進來。
注意：這時如果主語是人稱代詞，則主謂不倒裝。
Here he comes. 他來了。
Away they went. 一下子他們就走了。
Here you are. 給你。
Here we are. 我們到了。
英語中，從形式上分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，我們為了便於理解，還可以把它分為語法性倒裝，這是由於語法上的需要而必須倒裝的句子，還有一種是修飾性的倒裝，顧名思義，這些句子如果不是特意加以強調，可以不必倒裝。
1 語法性的倒裝
1．各種問句需要倒裝
Are you against the plan?
你反對這項計劃嗎？
What do you like best?
你最喜歡什麼？
2．there be 句型中，主謂必須倒裝
在此句型中，主語總是在謂語之後，無論是在陳述句中還是疑句中。
There were no schools or hospital there before.
以前那裡既沒有學校，也沒有醫院。
Is there any ink in the bottle?
瓶子裡有墨水嗎？
3．引起直接引語的句子，它的主、謂語常倒裝
但當主語是代詞或謂語含有助動詞時，一般不倒裝。
另外，如果謂語比主語長，或是它後面有賓語時，一般也不倒裝。
「Will you please carry it for me? 」said the old man.
「勞駕，幫我搬一下好嗎？」老人說。
「Please do me a favour,」 he said.
「請幫助我。」他說。（主語是代詞時常不倒裝）
「He is a liar. You can't trust him,」 Tom said to me in a
whisper.
「他愛說謊，你別相信他。」湯姆小聲告訴我。
「I am hungry,」 she had said.
「我餓了。」她說。（有助動詞had，所以不倒裝。）
4．在省略 if 的虛擬語氣條件句中
（虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝）
當if在were，should和had這些詞前面被省略時，要倒裝。
Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.
=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.
假如你是魚，貓會吃你。
Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我將留在家裡。
Had you my troubles, you would despair.
=If you had my troubles, you would despair.
如果你遭遇到我的困難，你會絕望的。
5．nor,neither, so 用於句首時主謂語需倒裝
當一個句子用 so, nor,nerther 開始，說明前面一句話中謂語表示的情況也適用於另外一個或一些人或物時，句子要倒裝。
注意：
倒裝句中的助動詞、情態動詞、系動詞be等要和前面一句話中的一致，詳見左例。
I have had my breakfast.
我吃早餐了。
So have I.
我也吃了。
so：用於肯定句，表示「也」。
nor和neither：用於否定句，表示「也不；也沒有」。
Li Ming can speak three languages.
李明會三種語言。
So can I.
我也會（三種）。
Will you go home this weekend?
這個周末你回家嗎？
No, and neither will Li Ming.
不回，李明也不回。
After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear fromher.
從那以後，我們就再沒有看到她，也沒收到她的信。
6．as 引導的讓步狀語從句中
分別敘述如下：
a．ajd+as+主語+系動詞be
Young as he is , he knows a lot of things.
= Although (Though) he is young, he knows a lot of things.
= He is young but he knows a lot of things.
雖然他年齡不大，可知道的事情很多。
Hard as steel is, it will bend or break under the action of a strong force.
鋼雖很硬，但在強力作用下也會彎曲或斷裂。
b．n（不帶冠詞）+as+主語+系動詞be
注意：
在此句型中，句首的單數可數名詞前面不用冠詞。
King as he is, he is unhappy.
= Although (Though) he is a king, he is unhappy.
= He is a king, but he is unhappy.
雖然他是個國王，可是他並不快樂。
Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.
= Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.
雖然她已經是位科學家了，她還是想繼續學更多東西。
c．adv+as+主語+動詞
Much as I lisk it, I won't buy it.
= Although (Though) I like it, I won't buy it.
= I like it, I won't buy it.
雖然我很喜歡它，但我還是不買它。
Fast as you run, you can't catch up with him.
儘管你跑得很快，你也趕不上他。
d．V+as+主語+助動詞
Try as she does, she will never pass it.
= Although she tries, she will never pass it. = She tries but she will never pass it.
無論她怎樣努力，她也不會通過的。
Search as they would. they could find no sign of the boy.
無論他們怎麼尋找，也未能發現那個男孩的蹤影。
2 修辭性的倒裝
除了語法性倒裝之外，有些倒裝是由於修辭的原因而採用的，叫做修辭性倒裝。
1．否定詞放在字首的倒裝
常見放在句首的否定詞
little 幾乎沒有；一點也不
說明
little 置於 know, think, imagine, guess, dream, expect,
reactive等有關思考、意識的動詞前面時，little=not at all，譯為一點也不。
Barely does he have enough money to live on. = He barely has enough money to live on.
他幾乎沒有足夠的錢為生。
By no means is translation easy. = Translation is by no means easy.
翻譯絕不是一件簡單的事。
Little did I think that I would lose the game. = I didn't think at all that I would lost the game.
我根本沒想到我會輸掉這場比賽。
在上面表格所列的否定詞中，有幾個詞是強調兩個動作的緊密相接，特別依序說明如下：
a．hardly…when… 一…就…
Hardly did he see me when he ran away. = As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
b．scarcely…when… 一…就…
Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.
= The nurse rushed to carry him as soon as the baby cried.
嬰兒一哭保姆就趕快去抱他。
c．no sooner…than… 一…就…
No sooner had they reached home than it rained. = It rained as soon as they reached home.
他們一到家就下起雨來了。
d．not only…but also… 不但…而且…
注意：
①．not only…but also…如果連接兩個句子，則第一個句子倒裝，第二個句子不倒裝，見左例。
②．Not only…but also…如果強調的是主語，句子則不倒裝。
Not only I (is invited) but also my younger sister is invited.
不但我而且我妹妹也被邀請了。
Not only did I make promise, but I also kept it. = I not only made a promise, but (also) I also kept it.
我不但許下諾言，我也（遵守）實現了諾言。
Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.
He is not only a scientist, but also (he is) a painter.
他不僅是位科學家，而且還是位畫家。
2．副詞（短語）的倒裝
用here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only then, nolonger等副詞為首的句子中，要倒裝表示特別強調的語氣。
Then came the time we had been looking forward to.
=The time we had been looking forward to came then.
我們一直盼望的時刻終於來到了。
Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.
= Summer begins in June. July and August come then.
夏天自六月開始，然後就是七月和八月。
Here are some ideas which will help you to overcome the difficulties.
以下是一些想法，它們可以幫助你們克服一些困難。比較
He was very angry. Not a word did he say.
他非常生氣，一句話也沒說。 （強調一句話也沒說。）
He was very angry. He didn't say a word.（語氣平淡）
比較
Never again shall I be late for school.
我上學再也不遲到了。
I shall never be late for school.
3．Only+副詞放在句首時，要倒裝
比較
Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.
只是在那時，我才認識到我犯了一個多麼大的錯誤。
I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
Only in this way can you work it out. = You can work it out only in this way.
只有用這種方法你才能算出這道題來。
Only when one loses health does one know its value.
只有當人們身體不好時才認識到身體（好的重要性）的價值。
Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.
= When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
當他到了家之後，他才知道父親發生了什麼事。
注意：
① only放在句首時，如果強調的是一個詞或一個短語（即only引導的是一個簡單句）則需要倒裝。如果only後強調的是一個句子（即整個句子是一個主從複合句），那麼從句不倒裝，主句倒裝。見左二例。
② only如果強調的是主語時，也不倒裝。
Only his mother was invited.
只有她媽媽被邀請了。
4．頻度副詞在句首時須倒裝
頻度副詞always, often,once出現在句首時，句子要倒裝
Often did we warn them not to do so. = We often warned them not to do so.
我們曾多次警告他們不要這樣做。
Always will we remember the importance of meeting.
= We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
我們將永遠記住這次會議的重要性。