少數派思想隨筆之十六
文/董廣宇
（一）
什麼是倒裝？倒裝就是正裝的反面，兩者都是英語的語序。
那什麼叫正裝？正裝就是自然語序，英語句子成分的排列假如符合下面的語序，就是自然語序：
假如英語句子成分的排列不符合以上的語序，就是倒裝。
（二）
清楚了倒裝的定義，還要弄明白為什麼會出現倒裝。
倒裝的出現有兩大原因：語法規定、修辭需要。
先看語法規定，舉幾個例子：
①You can finish this work, so can I.
②He is not good at swimming, neither am I.
③Is she a teacher？
④What do you want?
以上的劃線部分，正是語法規定的倒裝，就是說，句子中的這些部分必須倒裝。
（三）
本文主要談論修辭需要的倒裝。英語中的修辭倒裝分以下幾種類型：
依照上表順序舉例說明，例子中，先寫出未倒裝的句子，再寫出倒裝後的句子。
（四）
主謂倒裝中的「地點副詞成分置於句首（全倒裝）」，還有3個子類型：
①The boss came here.
→Here came the boss.
②All the guests are seated on the ground.
→Seated on the ground are all the guests.
→On the ground are seated all the guests.
③The boy is standing by the door.
→Standing by the door is the boy.
→By the door is standing the boy.
主謂倒裝中的「be動詞後的表語置於句首（全倒裝）」：
Many books are on the table.
→On the table are many books.
主謂倒裝中的「否定成分置於句首（半倒裝）」，這種倒裝是最常見的：
①She is hardly happy.
→Hardly is she happy.
②I agree with this view by no means.
→By no means do I agree with this view.
③He did not finish the work until the boss came back.
→Not until the boss came back did he finish the work.
④She had no sooner come back home than the telephone rang.
→No sooner had she come back home than the telephone rang.
⑤You can pass the examination only by studying hard.
→Only by studying hard can you pass the examination.
主謂倒裝中「so/such置於句首（半倒裝）」：
①She is so warm-hearted that everyone likes her.
→So warm-hearted is she that everyone likes her.
②He wrote such a wonderful book that he became famous all over the world.
→Such a wonderful book did he write that he became famous all over the world.
主謂倒裝中「沒有if的虛擬語氣（半倒裝）」：
①If I were you, I would buy a house on mortgage.
→Were I you, I would buy a house on mortgage.
②If you had not get up early, you should have missed the train.
→Had you not get up early, you should have missed the train.
非主謂倒裝中的「as/though讓步從句的倒裝」，還有4個子類型：
①Although/though he is strong, he is not able to move the heavy box.
→Strong as/though he is, he is not able to move the heavy box.
②Although/though she is a woman, she acts like a man.
→Woman as/though she is, she acts like a man.
③Although/though he worked hard, he did not succeed.
→Hard as/though he worked, he did not succeed.
④Although/though you may try, you still cannot find the solution.
→Try as/though you may, you still cannot find the solution.
非主謂倒裝中的「賓語倒裝」：
You accepted my opinion.
→My opinion you accepted.
非主謂倒裝中的「賓語補足語倒裝」：
This teacher made the boy who was a yob in our school a good student.
→This teacher made a good student the boy who was a yob in our school.
（五）
除了正裝、倒裝兩種語序之外，英語中還有一種特殊語序：分隔。分隔就是把兩個原本緊密連接的句子成分拆分，目的是為了修辭或修飾。
以下舉例說明，句中劃線之間就是分隔語序。
①最簡單的分隔語序就是插入語：
He, I am afraid, is not nice.
②分隔式定語從句：
He left a book on the table which was translated by Fulei.
③分隔式介詞短語：
Mongolia lies between what is now Russia and China.
④分隔式名詞從句：
Word came that a violent earthquake occurred there.
（六）
倒裝、分隔、省略、多層短語、多層從句，這些語言現象的出現，使得我們這些以中文為母語的人感到頭痛無比。
當然，話又說回來，外語的學習，不存在沒有痛感的方法，因為我們是學得，而不是習得。
想要了解我的更多觀點，可關注我的新浪微博：@聞道_wendao，weibo.com/dgylamborghini
作者簡介：
董廣宇，新浪ID：@聞道_wendao，貨幣金融研究者，倡導建立一套誠實健康自由購買力穩定的貨幣系統，從業於商業銀行，著有《貨幣原本》、《被忽視的貨幣真相》兩書，經營有「少數派財經報告」公眾號。
著作權所有，轉載請註明作者（董廣宇）與出處（微信公眾號：少數派財經報告，wendaofinance）
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