在ETS《2018年全球託福成績報告》中,中國考生在託福考試聽說讀寫四個單項裡,顯示聽力最低,只有19分。我們也常說,託福聽力難,難於上青天,那到底原因是什麼呢?除了考試形式的原因之外(先聽音頻,再看題目做題),其實託福考試對於聽力理解的要求遠不止於單純的理解句義那麼簡單。
ETS《2018年全球託福成績報告》
託福考試的本質是個語言測試,
它的每一種題型都有其相對應的語言能力要求。
我們在備考的時候,如果能清晰這一點,再往這個方向去調整,這樣的提分效果會比盲目地大量刷題要來得更高些,也不至於在做題的時候經常處於一個被動狀態,所以在這其中熟悉聽力的題型就變得至關重要。
ETS把聽力部分的題型分為三大類:
基本理解題(Basic comprehension):
內容主旨題 Gist-content
目的主旨題 Gist-purpose
細節題 Detail
事實理解題(Pragmatic understanding):
功能題 Function
態度題 Attitude
連接信息題(Connecting information):
組織結構題 Organization
連接題 Connecting
推斷題 Inference
之前已經講過部分題型,文末有連結,同學們可以點擊查看。
今天我們就繼續來講一下託福聽力題型中的—功能題,它作為聽力常考題型之一,也具備著自身的特殊性,下面就結合案例來看下相關的解題技巧。
如何做好功能題?
託福聽力功能題又被稱為目的題,主要考查某個事物在文中所起的作用,或者是它的功能,考查點通常容易落在舉例,類比和對比上。
文章為了說明一種現象,會加上一個例子去解釋。從出題者的角度出發,我們可以看出來,通常 idea 和 example 是捆綁說明的。如果想明確這個example的作用,自然要理解與之捆綁的idea的意思。做此類題目時一定要多注意context語境。
同時功能題考查的也是說話者提及某句話、某件事或某些人的目的。所以功能題的選項也有非常明顯的特徵,所有選項都是以to + V開頭的,比如to explain, to give an example of, to support, to emphasize等。
它是需要完全聽完聽力內容或是conversation之後才能回答的問題,這種題型也是變相的主旨題,不論聽到的句子有多難或是多長,考生首先一定要把握住聽力材料中的主旨,這樣才能繼續了解細節並作出相應的推斷。
功能題的問法有幾種?
1. Replay問法:
也叫重聽題,要求考生重聽一小段音頻,就音頻中的某句話進行提問。一般問法為:
Why … say this: 提問的部分
2. 普通問法:
Why does the professor mention X?
Why does the professor discuss X?
Why does the professor talk about X?
功能題的出題點在哪裡?
一、解釋Explanation
常見的信號詞:
Simply put / Let’s put in this way/ I think I should/ you mean……
二、總結Conclusion
常見信號詞:
now to sum/ wrap up my speech,anyway……
三、建議 Suggestion
常見信號詞:
you should have done something better,I suggest, I propose, I think, if I were you, why don’t you……
四、鼓勵 Inspiration
常見信號詞:
come on, you are supposed to know this……
五、強調Emphasis
常見信號詞:
please bear in mind that?/ Rhetoricalquestion反問句……
六、更正錯誤 Correcting mistake
常見信號詞:
wait a minute/ I made a slip of tongue,oh, I’m sorry, oh, what do I mean……
碰到以上信號詞,同學們就要警惕了,這很有可能就是功能題的出題點。還是不清楚怎麼做?別急,我們通過以下兩個例題來找到解決方法。
結合例題解析找到方法
1. TPO13-L4
Why does the professor say this?
(重聽部分:And, if you’re trying to find metal?)
A. To offer a hint about the answer to a question he asked.
B. To clarify a question that a student asked.
C. To find out whether students understand question he asked.
D. To find out whether students understand an important comparison he made.
『聽力原文』:
Professor: I mean, it’s easier to find an iron meteorite or stony iron. Any one guess why? Look at their names. What do you think iron meteorites consist of?
Female student: Mostly iron?
professor: Yeah! Iron and some nickel, both of which are metals. And if you’re trying to find metal?
Female student: Oh, metal detectors!
『解題方法』:
Step 1:聽清重聽部分內容,
「And if you’re trying to find metal?」,
明確重聽部分及提問的意思。
Step 2:回歸筆記,鎖定位置後聯繫上下文,
重聽部分是在討論為什麼iron meteorite和stony iron非常容易找到。
提問句之後,學生回答出:「Oh, metal detectors!」使用金屬探測器。由此可以找出提問句的目的是引導學生回答問題。
Step 3:根據主旨指向原則定位選項,所以選A。
2. TPO 15 L1
Why does the professor mention a highway?
A. To compare two experiments designed to study distraction
B. To give an example of when area V5 might be activated
C. To describe a limitation in the brain's processing capacity
D. To make a point about the effect of distractions on driving
『聽力原文』:
Professor: Lavie thinks the solution lies in the brain’s ability to accept or ignore visual information. She thinks its capacity is limited. It’s like a highway: when there are too many cars, traffic is stopped. No one can get on. So when the brain is loaded to capacity, no new distractions can be perceived.
『解題方法』:
Step 1:聽舉例信號詞like|,
「It’s like a highway」,
(關注例子本身「如果高速路上有太多車,交通就會阻塞」)
例子之前的觀點:「She thinks its capacity is limited」,
之後的總結:「So when the brain is loaded to capacity, no new distractions can be perceived.」,
記筆記:capacity limit e.g. highway.
Step 2: 審題幹:為什麼教授要提及highway,定位筆記,highway是為了說明大腦的capacity有限,所以可以直接鎖定選項C。
以上就是託福聽力功能題的解題方法,簡單來說此類題型最重要的就是要找準例子與觀點的關係,明確說話人所舉例子或所說話語在篇章中承擔的功能,注意結合語境,你get到了嗎?下面做兩個練習鞏固一下吧!
課後練習
1. TPO11-L1
Why does the professor say this?
A. To describe the behavior of an injured sandpiper.
B. To give an example of a well-performed broken-wing display.
C. To show why some sandpipers fail to distract predators.
D. To distinguish the sandpiper's display from another kind of display.
2. TPO21-L1
Why does the professor discuss the epicycle theory?
A. To explain why early astronomers started measuring the velocity of the planets
B. To explain why the astronomer Aristarchus rejected the geocentric model
C. To show how early astronomers explained the apparent backward motion of some planets
D. To show that early astronomers believed that all planets moved in their own