三)動詞方面的錯誤
這方面的錯誤主要涉及:
1.分詞。主要是現在分詞和過去分詞的誤用。如: a puzzled question→a puzzling question an exciting girl→an excited girl
2.系動詞。
①be以外的其他系動詞被誤用作行為動詞,後面應該接形容詞作表語,但接了副詞。如: The meal smells badly.→The meal smells bad.
②系動詞be在某些形容詞前常受漢語影響而被遺漏。這些形容詞有afraid,alive,aware,conscious,guilty,worth等。
3.動詞的及物與不及物。改錯中常有不及物動詞被誤用作及物動詞(缺介詞),或及物動詞被誤用作不及物動詞(多介詞)。前者如: complain the bad service there(應加of)後者如: consider of his suggestion(應刪of)
4.短語動詞。主要是帶介詞或副詞的短語動詞,常設計成介詞或副詞小品詞的錯誤。由於這類錯誤主要是搭配問題,我們將它歸入第二類用法搭配方面的錯誤一併討論。
5.句型。這類錯誤主要涉及:
①動詞句型。主要是帶複雜賓語的動詞的固定搭配模式。如: find it neccessary to do sth. /spend sometime(in)doing sth. /make sb.do sth. /leave sth.to sb. /be seen to do/doing sth.等。
②傳統句型。即傳統語法概念上與動詞有關的句子模式。主要有以下幾類: a)省略句型。如:
While watch TV,they heard someone upstairs shout「Fire!Fire!」(watch →watching)
b)動詞非謂語形式作主語、賓語。有時需用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如: This is no good arguing with him.(This→It)
We think that necessary to have the bridge built first.(that→it)
在複合賓語中,有時可直接用動名詞作賓語;動名詞或動詞不定式可以作主語,但動詞原形則不能直接充當句子主語。如:
The new policy made to make our ends meet possible.(to make→making) Know only the rules is not enough.(Knows→Knowing或To know)
6.語氣、語態、時態。這類錯誤在數量上所佔比例極少,主要是虛擬語氣的用法錯誤、被動語態的誤用及過去時與現在時的混用。
四)其他語法方面的錯誤
1.詞性。涉及:①名詞與動詞的誤用。如: approval――approve,sale――sell ②名詞與形容詞的誤用。如: medicine――medical/ medicinal, emotion――emotional③形容詞與副詞的誤用。如: high――highly,mere――merely
這類錯誤常出現在be以外的系動詞後。如: feel badly→feel bad, grow uneasily→grow uneasy
2.代詞。代詞錯誤是短文改錯中出現頻率較高的幾類錯誤之一,幾乎每套試題中都有。主要涉及:
①指代錯誤。主要是第三人稱代詞指代的誤用;不定代詞one和those與人稱代詞you和them的混用及指人與指物的誤用等。
②關係代詞的誤用。主要為that與which、who與which、as與which的誤用;what與that的混用;
③形式代詞it與this、that的誤用。如:
find this important to preview the lesson(這裡的this應改為形式賓語it)。
④不定代詞的誤用。主要為不定代詞與指示代詞these或人稱代詞的誤用;somone/sombody、everyone/everybody被誤用作複數指代;some-、any-類合成代詞與no-類合成代詞的混用等。
3.名詞的數。這類錯誤主要涉及:①可數名詞與不可數名詞概念的混淆;②需用複數時誤用單數;③不規則複數名詞的曲折變化形式錯誤等。如: find a work→find a job 2 woman doctors→2 women doctors these phenomenon→these phenomena
4.冠詞。主要為:①該用冠詞時漏用;②不該用冠詞時贅用;③the與a/ an誤用;④a與an混用。如: tell truth→tell the truth give a rise to→give rise to a「s」sign→an「s」sign
5.主謂一致。這類錯誤常被設計在句型較為複雜的結構中,要特別小心。常見以下幾種情況:
①主語較長或謂語動詞離主語較遠:
The child,being taken care of by its grandparents,are deaf and mute.(are →is)
②倒裝句:
Standing in a line along the corridor is3groups of young pioneers who will set out on an expedition.(is→are)
③定語從句:
The book many students found interesting that were written by a famous American scientist came out only last month.(were→was)
④特殊句型:
There are no denying the facts and there are no facts that can be turned a blind eye to either.(第一個are→is)
6.形容詞、副詞及其比較級。形容詞和副詞的錯誤設計主要為:①兩者的詞性混淆;②比較級錯誤。前者已在前面詞性部分論及,後者主要涉及比較物與被比較物之間的平行問題。如:
My first daughter's eyes are a little larger than my second daughter.(→second daughter's)
五)近形近義類錯誤
1.近形。主要指在拼寫上容易混淆的單詞。如:
adapt-adopt,crash-crush,confirm-conform,desert-dessert,formal-former,ingenious-ingenuous,instance-instant,personal-personnel,principal -principle,stationary-stationery等。
2.近義。主要指詞義概念相近的詞。如:
besides-except,doubt-suspect,discover-invent,efficient-effective,noise-voice
3.近形近義。主要指詞義概念和拼寫上都容易相混的單詞。這類錯誤比近形或近義較多見,相對難度也略大,這樣的單詞有:
across-cross,affect-effect,econimic-economical,emigrate-immigrate, historic-historical,continual-continuous,assure-ensure-insure-sure,late -later-lately-latest-latter,medical-medicinal,rise-arise-raise-arouse, technique-technology等。