運用寫作手法,巧解高考英語「七選五」閱讀

運用寫作手法，巧解高考英語「七選五」閱讀

高考英語試卷閱讀理解第二節，要求根據短文內容，從短文後的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，選項中有兩項為多餘選項。短文中留出5個空白，要求考生從所給的7個選項中選出最佳選項，使補全後的短文意思通順、前後連貫。所以，我們俗稱其為「七選五」閱讀。《考試說明》對該題型的命題目的表述是「主要考查考生對文章的整體內容和結構以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握」。它要求考生根據文章的結構、內容、上下文的邏輯選出相應的五句話填入空白處將文章補充完整。在教與學的實踐中，筆者發現無論是教師還是學生，都會對這種題型感到困惑，除了刷題，好像沒有別的辦法可以應對。即便學生不斷地刷題，「七選五」閱讀出錯率仍然極高。筆者擬從寫作的角度嘗試破解這一難題。

一、三年高考真題分析

下面以2016、2017和2018年的九套全國卷為例，分別從話題、體裁、詞數、文章結構和設題位置等方面做統計分析，以期能夠發現高考「七選五」閱讀的命題規律， 探究其命題趨勢。

通過上表不難發現：高考英語「七選五」閱讀話題多為「如何做……」；體裁以說明文為主，記敘文為輔；總體長度約為300詞（包括原文和選項，其中原文大約220詞；選項大約70詞）；文章一般為總—分或總—分—總結構。根據設空位置，大致可以判斷出命題方向為：考查段落主題句，位置一般在段首；考查上下文邏輯關係和過渡銜接，位置多在段中；考查概括總結句，位置一般在段末。其中，以考查過渡銜接為主。

二、利用寫作手法，反解高考英語「七選五」閱讀

我們都知道：一篇好的文章都具有結構清晰、中心明確、語意連貫、過渡自然、詞彙豐富等特點。高考英語「七選五」閱讀材料無疑也具有以上特點。我們都有不同的寫作經驗，試著回想一下我們的寫作過程，是否從篇章結構、銜接過渡和遣詞造句等幾個方面去考慮寫作的呢？我們是否可以運用這些寫作經驗來幫助我們指導學生解答高考英語「七選五」閱讀題呢？回答當然是肯定的。

1.利用詞彙復現手段

在寫作中，出於表達的需要，作者常常用一些同義詞、近義詞來替換某些詞彙，以達到豐富詞彙的目的。在英語中，詞彙手段的運用要更加豐富，比如，可以通過詞類轉化的手段來豐富詞彙。高考英語「七選五」閱讀重點在於考查句與句之間的銜接與連貫，空白處與空前、空後有著千絲萬縷的聯繫，而這種聯繫必然是通過詞彙的復現來實現的。這種詞彙復現手段大致有同一詞復現、同義詞或近義詞復現、詞類轉化復現和代詞復現等。

【例1】（2018 全國卷Ⅱ）...

●Your metabolism (新陳代謝) gets a head start.38

If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie (卡 路 裡) burning bene ts for the whole day, not in your sleep.

...

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

...

【答案與解析】F。空前一句說晨練有利於新陳代謝，空後一句說晨練能幫助消耗卡路裡，根據同一詞（calories） 復現原則很容易選擇F， 意為「鍛鍊後，這一天裡你將繼續消耗卡路裡」，再結合上下文邏輯，完全符合，故選F。

【例2】（2018 全國卷Ⅰ）...But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38.They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

...

D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar

with

E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the rst time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【答案與解析】D。運用詞彙復現手段很容易做出選擇，上一段結尾提到三種顏色選擇：the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones。接下來一一介紹。該段中作者提到許多小物品如抱枕、鏡子、籃子等的顏色可以給房間帶來視覺上的樂趣以及別的好處。最後一句「...small color choices bring with them thesignificant benefit of being easily changeable.」是這一段的總結句。small和little是同義詞，small是同一詞復現。由此可知，本段介紹的是small color choices，故選D。

2.利用過渡銜接手段

為了增強文章的邏輯性和說服力，英語文章常常通過一些表示過渡銜接的詞彙，來表示句與句之間的起承轉合。英語中表示過渡銜接的詞彙主要有以下幾種：

（1）表邏輯順序： rstly, secondly, lastly, to begin with, at last, last but not least, on the one hand...on the other hand..., at rst, then, nally...

（2）表並列或遞進關係：and, also, too, besides, in addition to, apart from, furthermore, what’s more, not only...but also..., as well as...

（3）錶轉折或比較關係：but, though, although, yet, while, whereas, on the contrary, however...

（4）發表觀點或看法：in my opinion, in my view, personally, as far as I’m concerned...

（5） 總結概括：all in all, in brief, in short, in conclusion, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, in a word, in one word...

運用這些詞語或短語，可以極大地提升文章的說服力。在做「七選五」閱讀時，教師可以指導學生反其道而行之。通過判斷空前或空後的邏輯關係，就能夠很容易地選出正確答案。

【例3】（2018 全國卷Ⅰ）...

Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.

37, they can get a little complex. ...

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever you’re looking for

C. If you’re experimenting with a color

...

【答案與解析】A。首先，此空後為逗號，而且其後是一個完整的句子，由此可以判斷出只能選擇一個從句結構，所以只能在A、B和C三個選項中選擇；空前提到：多年來，有許多不同的工藝幫助設計師達到這一目標，而空後說它們會變得有點複雜。二者是一種矛盾關係，由此可推斷出空前和空後是一種轉折關係；此外，a number of different techniques與空後的they以及選項A中的them構成一種指代關係，屬於詞彙復現的一種手段，故只能選擇A項，意為「儘管這些工藝都很有用」。

【例4】（2016 北京卷）Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the

risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

...

E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

【答案與解析】F。空前一句說有時候，我們會認為一些不必要的危險是值得的，因為當我們衡量風險和回報時，風險似乎是值得的；而空後一句說我們中有些人就愛做讓人意外和害怕的事情。F項「然而，並不是所有人都使用同樣的參考標準來衡量風險和回報」符合語境，銜接過渡自然，故選F。

【例5】 （2017 全 國 卷Ⅰ）...They had nothing in common with me. 36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. ...

...

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

...

【答案與解析】D。設空位置在第一段段末，由此推斷， 此處應該是一個總結概括句或者是一個承上啟下的句子， 上文說它們與我毫無關係，下文說介紹我去野營的朋友認為去野營意味著要突破自我。顯然D選項「自從那以後我學到了很多關於露營的知識」承上啟下，引出下文，銜接過渡自然，故選D。

3.利用篇章結構手段

由前面的分析，我們可以清楚地看出：「七選五」閱讀材料基本上是「總—分（—總）」結構。有時候利用這一特點，也可以幫助解題。

【例6】（2017 全國卷Ⅲ）Lots of people nd it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock. A better plan for sleep can help.Here’s how to make one.

●37In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have

breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.

●Rethink mornings. ...

●Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. ...

●Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. ...

A. Get a sleep specialist.

B. Find the right motivation.

C. A better plan for sleep can help.

D. And consider setting a second alarm.

E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.

【答案與解析】B。首先從文章篇章結構入手，可以看出全文是「總—分」結構，37空和後面的結構應該一致， 故要用祈使句結構；其次，該空處於段首位置，一般是這一段的主題句，結合空後內容：為了有所改變，你需要弄清楚為什麼這種改變很重要。你是想起床和家人一起吃早點或是想去做運動呢？還是只是想更好地為這一天做準備呢？顯然這是要搞清楚你要早起的目的是什麼?也就是「找到合適的早起動機」，故選B。

【例7】（2018 全國卷Ⅱ）If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! ...

...

●39Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. ...

●40If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. ...

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

【答案與解析】39. B；40. A。首先，從全文結構看這是一篇「總—分—總」結構的文章，先總說晨練有好處， 然後分條講述晨練的好處，最後歸納概括晨練的好處；其次，39和40空都在段首，因而是這兩段的主題句；39題的下一句講的是晨練對睡眠的好處，因此B選項「睡眠質量得以提高」符合邏輯，故選B。40題的下一句講的是如果晨練，你就更可能堅持吃健康的食物，因此A選項「你會堅持你的飲食習慣」符合邏輯，故選A。

總而言之，「七選五」閱讀主要考查考生對文章篇章結構和語篇邏輯的把握能力，包括識別主題段、主題句， 句子間的語意連貫與邏輯關係，上下句的例證、對比、並列等線索關係等。高考英語「七選五」閱讀的材料必定是一篇結構嚴謹、層次分明、銜接自然，詞彙豐富的好文章。解答這道題時，可以通過詞彙復現、銜接過渡和篇章結構三個角度逆方向操作。備考時，教師應指導學生把握文章篇章結構，關注全文主題句或者段落主題句，理清句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關係，利用詞彙復現手段縮小可選擇的範圍，進而有效地提高學生解答這類題目的準確性。