市面上流傳的GRE閱讀機經真題有三百多篇,同時又存在多種版本的答案和解析,有些疑難題目讓考生不知道聽誰的,還有些版本的解析像是用谷歌翻譯把同題目和選項翻譯了一下。TD GRE教研組認為,GRE閱讀的解析,可以講得再清楚一點。
GRE不光有技巧,不光有快速解題法,GRE更加考察大家的邏輯硬實力,文字理解實打實的深度。良好的GRE備考應當在課堂上向老師學習快速解題法,取同取反邏輯的同時,課下扎紮實實的讀懂每一句話。讀懂,是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存,毛將焉附?
有感於此,我們嘗試用比較長的時間,原創一個解析,力求做到超詳細,大白話,包你懂。之前為大家推送了Passage 1 - Passage 17的解析,今天繼續為大家推出Passage 18(長閱讀)解析,這篇閱讀一共有19句話,帶4道題,TD版超詳細「包你懂」系列對此篇文章進行了清楚地解析。
Passage 18
Massive projectiles striking much larger bodies create various kinds of craters, including multi-ring basins–the largest geologic features observed on planets and moons. In such collisions, the impactor is completely destroyed, and its material is incorporated into the larger body. Collison’s between bodies of comparable size, on the other hand, have very different consequences: one or both bodies might be entirely smashed, with mass from one or both the bodies redistributed among new objects formed from the fragments. Such a titanic collision between Earth and a Mars-size impactor may have given rise to Earth’s Moon.
The Earth-Moon system has always been perplexing. Earth is the only one of the inner planets with a large satellite, the orbit of which is neither in the equatorial plane of Earth nor in the plane in which the other planets lie. The Moon’s mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth’s mantle. This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations. In order to spin off the Moon, Earth would have had to rotate so fast that a day would have lasted less than three hours. Science offers no plausible explanation of how it could have slowed to its current rotational rate from that speed. Moreover, the Moon’s composition, though similar to that of Earth’s mantle, is not a precise match. Theorizing a titanic collision eliminates postulating a too-rapidly spinning Earth and accounts for the Moon’s peculiar composition. In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth’s mantle. Most of the earthly component would have been in the form of melted or vaporized matter. The difficulty in recondensing this vapor in Earth’s orbit, and its subsequent loss to the vacuum of outer space, might account for the observed absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.
Unusual features of some other planets might also be explained by such impacts. Mercury is known to have a high density in comparison with other rocky planets. A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal. A massive, glancing blow to Venus might have given it its anomalously slow spin and reversed direction of rotation. Such conjectures are tempting, but, since no early planet was immune to titanic impacts, they could be used indiscriminately to explain away in a cavalier fashion every unusual planetary characteristic; still, we may now be beginning to discern the true role of titanic impacts in planetary history.
第一句和第二句話:
Massive projectiles striking much larger bodies create various kinds of craters, including multi-ring basins–the largest geologic features observed on planets and moons. In such collisions, the impactor is completely destroyed, and its material is incorporated into the larger body.
白話版講解:
又大又重的拋射物(指小一點的天體)撞到比拋射物自己還大得多的天體上去,會在天體表面產生各種各樣的隕石坑。其中有一種坑叫多環盆狀坑。行星和衛星上有很多geologic features(比如冰川河,大峽谷等等),多環盆狀坑是(科學家們)所觀察到的最大的一種geologic feature。在小一點的天體撞擊比自己大得多的天體的這種撞擊中,小一點的(the impactor)會被完全毀掉,會被(被撞的)天體吃掉(is incorporated),也就是撞出一個大坑,陷到自己撞出來的這個大坑裡去,就是被incorporated了。
同學們請注意文章使用了一般現在時,表示某種規律、總是會發生的事情。
第三和第四句話:
Collison’s between bodies of comparable size, on the other hand, have very different consequences: one or both bodies might be entirely smashed, with mass from one or both the bodies redistributed among new objects formed from the fragments. Such a titanic collision between Earth and a Mars-size impactor may have given rise to Earth’s Moon.
白話版講解:
如果是撞別人的和被別人撞的,大小差不多,就會有很不一樣的結果了。如果兩者勢均力敵,就不是大的吃掉小的,而是其中一個被完全撞碎或兩個都被完全撞碎,然後碎片重組成其他新的天體。地球的衛星(即月球)可能就是在一次這種勢均力敵的大碰撞後產生的。一個和火星差不多大的天體撞地球,然後地球沒粉碎(撞飛了一塊),那個天體碎了,然後就形成了月球。
補充說明:
這裡可以出一道簡單的推斷題,問根據文章,Earth和Mars的sizes之間的關係是什麼?
A:Earth比Mars大很多
B:Mars比Earth大很多
C:Mars and Earth have comparable size
推理過程:
根據文章,Earth和Mars-size impactor的size是comparable的,所以可以推出Earth和Mars的sizes也是差距不大的。所以選C。
第五和第六句話:
The Earth-Moon system has always been perplexing. Earth is the only one of the inner planets with a large satellite, the orbit of which is neither in the equatorial plane of Earth nor in the plane in which the other planets lie.
白話版講解:
在所有planets裡面,有些planets屬於inner planets,Earth也屬於。這些inner planets裡面,只有Earth是帶一個大衛星(即月球)的。而且啊,這個月球繞地球轉的軌道所處的平面,跟它所繞的Earth的赤道平面還不是同一個平面,跟其他幾個planets的平面,也不是同一個平面。為什麼地球會帶一個衛星,這個問題是讓人困惑、搞不明白的。
第七和第八句話:
The Moon’s mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth’s mantle. This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations.
白話版講解:
另外還有一個事,就是月球的平均密度比地球平均密度低,但是和地球的mantle部分的平均密度是差不多一樣的。所以呢,長時間以來,這種密度的近似一直引發有人提出一個猜想,就是月球原來就是地球的mantle的一部分,然後地球自轉的時候轉得太快了,把自己的mantle的一部分給甩出去了。但是這種關於「月球是怎樣形成的」的理論解釋,在兩個觀測結果上,垮掉了(解釋說不通了)。
補充說明:
也許有同學覺得mantle這個單詞很簡單,是「地幔」的意思。但這裡我們不需要知道mantle是什麼意思,只需要明白mantle是地球比較靠外的部分就可以(因為靠裡面的部分甩不出去)。
founder是一個不及物動詞,意思是「計劃或事業等失敗;垮掉」(fail or break down, typically as a result of a particular problem or setback)
第九、十、十一句話:
In order to spin off the Moon, Earth would have had to rotate so fast that a day would have lasted less than three hours. Science offers no plausible explanation of how it could have slowed to its current rotational rate from that speed. Moreover, the Moon’s composition, though similar to that of Earth’s mantle, is not a precise match.
白話版講解:
第一個讓甩出論垮掉的observation是:
如果月球真的是地球自轉太快把自己的mantle的一部分甩出去而形成的,那它當時的自轉速度要非常高才行(高到什麼程度,高到那時候的地球是3小時就過去一天,即3小時自轉一圈)。而現在地球是24小時自轉一圈。也就是說,把月球甩出去那時候的自轉速度是現在的8倍。但是科學家們認為,從那麼快的速度降到現在的速度,降不下來。所以那時候不可能那麼快。
第二個讓甩出論垮掉的observation是:
月球密度雖然和地球的mantle的密度產不多,但月球的物質組成結構,和地球mantle不是完全一樣。(如果確實甩出去的,兩者應該是precise match,但實際不是,所以不是甩出去的)
第十二、十三、十四、十五句話:
Theorizing a titanic collision eliminates postulating a too-rapidly spinning Earth and accounts for the Moon’s peculiar composition. In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth’s mantle. Most of the earthly component would have been in the form of melted or vaporized matter. The difficulty in recondensing this vapor in Earth’s orbit, and its subsequent loss to the vacuum of outer space, might account for the observed absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.
白話版講解:
「月球是地球自轉甩出來的」這個理論,必須要postulate地球轉得非常快。這樣postulate是不靠譜的。提出另外一種理論,就可以避免去這樣postulate。什麼理論呢,就是曾經有一個和地球差不多大的天體和地球發生了以上說的第二種碰撞,碰撞的結果是那個撞地球的天體粉碎了,地球也被撞得很厲害,地球的mantle部分被撞飛了一大塊,這一大塊mantle和那個天體的碎片合在一起,形成了月球(這樣也就可以解釋為什麼月球的物質組成結構和地球的mantle部分不是完全一樣了)。我們可以把在這個理論簡稱為「月球是撞出來的」理論。另外又有一個事實,就是科學家們發現月球上的巖石的成分是不含易蒸發的化合物和元素的,「月球是撞出來的」理論就可以解釋這個事實。碰撞發生以後,那個撞地球的天體的碎片殘渣和部分地球殘渣合在一起,在今天月球軌道上凝結成固體,形成了月球。而在被撞出來的地球殘渣中,大部分易蒸發的化合物和元素當時都是處於融化或汽化的狀態,很難凝結,於是這些化合物和元素就散播到真空中去了,跑掉了,所以月球上就沒這些東西,現在月球上巖石裡也就不存在易蒸發的合物和元素。
這裡補充說一下postulate和theorize兩個單詞的不同。
postulate的意思是假定某個事情為真,然後以此為基礎進行推理。其近義詞是assume。
theorize的意思是提出理論假說,解釋某個事情。其近義詞是hypothesize。
第十六、十七、十八句話:
Unusual features of some other planets might also be explained by such impacts. Mercury is known to have a high density in comparison with other rocky planets. A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal. A massive, glancing blow to Venus might have given it its anomalously slow spin and reversed direction of rotation.
白話版講解:
地球有個月球,這一點在行星裡是unusual的;別的行星也有些unusual的特點,也是比較難解釋的。比如水星,它屬於rocky planets,但是其他幾個rocky planets的密度不是很高,唯獨這個水星的密度非常高。用「和水星差不多大的天體撞過一次水星」這個理論,就可以解釋水星的密度為什麼這麼高。有一個天體撞了水星,那一撞把水星密度低的mantle部分都撞飛了,剩下的大都是以金屬為主的core部分了。這就解釋通了。再比如金星,它也有一個unusual之處,就是它的自轉速度異常地慢,而且轉的方向和別的planets是反的。用「和金星差不多大的天體撞過一次金星」這個理論,就可以解釋這一點。有一個天體給了金星一個glancing blow,導致金星反著轉、轉速慢。
glance是動詞,意思是「偏斜地擊中某物而斜彈開來」(hit something at an angle and bounce off obliquely),在文章中的意思就是說有一個天體斜擦著撞了一下金星,然後金星就反方向轉了。
請注意,我們一般都是不知道glance的這個意思的,但是我們可以根據上下文推測出glancing blow和strike的意思接近,是strike或collision的一種。
第十九句話:
Such conjectures are tempting, but, since no early planet was immune to titanic impacts, they could be used indiscriminately to explain away in a cavalier fashion every unusual planetary characteristic; still, we may now be beginning to discern the true role of titanic impacts in planetary history.
白話版講解:
這樣的conjecture好像很管用啊,碰到哪個行星有我們解釋不了的特徵,就可以說這是它被天體撞過一次導致的,因為早期的行星確實都可能被天體撞。但是要注意,這種不加區分,隨隨便便就搬出來「天體撞行星」理論的做法,不好。不過,話又說回來,我們至少開始注意到、識別「和行星產不多大的天體撞了行星」這種事在行星發展史的真實作用了,這也蠻好。
1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the collisions mentioned in the highlighted sentence?
A. They occur less frequently than do titanic collisions.
B. They occur between bodies of comparable size.
C. They occur primarily between planet-sized bodies.
D. They result in the complete destruction of the impacting body.
E. They result in mass being redistributed among newly formed objects.
白話版講解:
關於突出顯示的那句話中提到的那種碰撞,下列哪一說法是符合文章內容的?
首先找到,突出顯示的那句話是文章第一句話,這句話中提到的碰撞是小天體撞比自己大得多的天體那種碰撞。
文章沒有比較兩種collision發生的頻率,所以A錯誤。
因為是小的撞大的,所以B錯。
因為文章並沒有說是非要是planet-sized的天體,所以C錯。
會導致撞別人的那個天體(小的那個)完全毀滅。符合文章第二句話,所以D選項正確。
2. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about titanic collision models?
A. Such models are conclusive with respect to certain anomalies within the solar system, but leave numerous other anomalies unexplained.
B. Such models are more likely than are earlier models to account for the formation of multi- ring basins.
C. Such models may be particularly useful in explaining what happens when the impacting bodies involved are of highly dissimilar mean densities.
D. Such models have been tested to such a degree that they are quickly reaching the point where they can be considered definitive.
E. Such models are so tempting that they run the risk of being used indiscriminately to explain unusual planetary features.
白話版講解:
第二題是問關於「撞別人的和被別人撞的,大小差不多」那種碰撞的理論。
A說這種理論在解釋一些異常現象時令人信服,但還有其他大量異常現象無法解釋。文章只是說可以解釋一些異常現象,沒有說conclusive,也沒有說還有大量異常現象無法解釋。所以A選項錯誤。
B選項張冠李戴了,撞出一個大坑來的collision是「小一點的天體撞擊比自己大得多的天體」才會出現的。
C提到兩個天體在相撞前的平均密度不同,這是文章沒有提到的,所以C選項錯誤。
D說已經被驗證,可以說是確定無疑(能成立)了。文章沒有說這種理論被驗證了。所以D選項錯誤。
E選項可以對應文章第十九句話(即最後一句話),這句話中的indiscriminately和in a cavalier fashion可以看出作者是在表達略微負面的看法,所以可以對應E選項中的run the risk of……。
3. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the cited compounds and elements?
A. They were created by reactions that took place during a titanic collision.
B. They were supplied by an impactor that collided with Earth.
C. They were once present on the Moon but were subsequently vaporized.
D. They are rarely found on planet-size bodies in our solar system.
E. They are present on Earth but not on the Moon.
白話版講解:
首先找到文章提到「化合物和元素」是第十四句話,是指一些易蒸發的化合物和元素。
不是碰撞後發生反應才造出來的,是地球上本來就有的,是被撞飛出來的。所以A錯誤。
本來是地球上的,不是impactor上的,所以B錯誤。
形成月球時,就沒有留住,就跑到真空中去了,所以從來就沒有在月球上存在過。所以C錯誤。
別的天體上有沒有這種化合物和元素,文章沒有提到。所以D錯誤。
E選項可以對應第十五句話中的「absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.」所以E選項正確。
4. In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
A. arguing in favor of a particular theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
B. summarizing conventional theories about the formation of the earth-Moon system.
C. anticipating and responding to criticisms of a particular theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
D. explaining why the Earth-Moon system is considered scientifically perplexing.
E. questioning an assumption underlying one theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
白話版講解:
實際是問第二自然段的修辭功能。
根據我們前面對文章的解析,我們知道,第二自然段先介紹了「月球是地球自轉太快甩出來」的理論,然後說了這個理論有什麼缺陷,然後介紹一種新的理論,即「月球是撞出來的」理論,然後說了這個理論可以解釋一些「甩出來」理論解釋不了的事,所以作者在這一自然段的態度是贊成第二種理論的。所以選A。
B概括介紹幾種關於「地月系統是怎樣形成的」的傳統理論。這個選項有兩個地方不對,一是第二種理論不是conventional的,二是作者不是在中立地介紹多種理論,而是主要說了第二種理論更有解釋力。所以B選項錯誤。
C預測對一種理論會提出怎樣的一些批評,並給予回應。
如果這一自然段是說,「我就知道你們要說月球不是甩出來的,因為月球不可能轉那麼快啊,我來告訴你們,其實是可能的」,就選C。但可惜不是,所以不選C。
D解釋為什麼地月系統從科學上來說為什麼令人困惑。
這一自然段開頭第一句話確實講了地月系統為什麼perplexing,但這不是這一自然段的核心內容。所以不選D。
E對一種關於「地月系統是怎樣形成的」的理論成立所依賴的一個前設提出質疑。
如果這一自然段是說,「你們說月球是地球自轉太快甩出來的,那你們這個理論有一個assumption,就是在很久以前,地球和現在一樣,也是在自轉的。我現在告訴你們,你們的這個assumption錯了啊,因為其實在很久以前,地球是根本不自轉的。怎麼可能甩出什麼月球來嘛」,就選E,但可惜不是,所以不選E。
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