「世尊說我見,人見,眾生見,壽者見,即非我見,人見,眾生見,壽者見,是名我見,人見,眾生見,壽者見。」鳩摩羅什法師所譯《金剛般若波羅蜜經》中精髓即在於此,表面所見的像只是緣起在世間的呈現而已,重要的是去找到這個表象後的緣,即表象後的真正原因。
考研場上我們經常會遇到這樣的情況,通過回文章定位,根據對原文的理解我們能很快的排除兩個選項,而剩下的兩個選項會把我們折磨的死去活來。也就正是這種選項間微小區分度構成了考研英語的特色。每每在甄別選項的時候,我們總會覺得這兩個選項都對,並且會覺得自己的答案比給出的正確答案更為合理。而考研英語作為全國人才選拔性的考試,並且會向社會公布標準答案的考試,在答案的設置上一定是合理且正確的,並且這種答案的設置是有一定邏輯線索的。否則,這種人才的遴選是沒有意義的。而這種線索就是我們在標題中提到的命題命脈,這種命脈就會體現在選項之上。本文正是要帶領考研戰士們去探求這種命題命脈在選項上的體現。首先來看幾道例題:
2009年考研閱讀第四篇文章第一題
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was 「so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.」 According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England ____.
[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
根據題幹中的seventeenth century 和New England 我們不難定位到文章的第一段,選項A中的Puritan tradition(清教傳統)在倒數第一句中出現,但是倒數第一句是這樣說道:「大量的文章和書籍都記載道,新英格蘭的領袖們確立了美國知識生活中的基本話題,其最關注的就是一直在知識生活中佔據主導地位,並不斷演進的清教傳統。」文中明確說到了in American intellectual life.而不是選項A中的in political life,可以直接排除A。同樣,C選項說:政治從學術活動中受益匪淺,而整個段落沒有提及學術活動對於政治的影響。同樣可以輕鬆排除。而B和D卻相當難排除了。一個說「學術的興趣被鼓勵」,一個說「享用寬鬆自由的求知環境」。兩個選項和段落中所涉及的知識生活話題都有關係。文中只有這樣的相關敘述:「so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.」「知識的追求是如此的受重視」。而就這點來講我們分別認為B和D都對也是合理的,但是當B和D放在一起的時候,我們就必須重新理清我們的邏輯思維鏈條了。我們首先承認的是:知識的追求是受到重視的。如果要選D的話,那麼我們必須先承認B,也就是說,要是沒有B就不可能有D。在這種情況下我們就很容易得出一個結論:當一個選項是以另一個選項為前提的時候,只能選後一個選項。也就是你必須首先承認的那個選項。用公式來講就是:因為A所以B,選A 不選B。
因為受到了鼓勵,所以環境很寬鬆。所以選擇受到鼓勵。
但是這個公式有一個重要的前提就是:兩個選項都必須有原文的依據。
這就是我們考試出題人的命題思路,他希望找出的最直接的,對原文的解釋最根本的選項。而我們在排除選項的時候就可以用上面的公式來做出選擇。
再看一個例子:
2009年考研閱讀第三篇第四題
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged________.
[A]when people had enough time
[B]prior to better ways of finding food
[C]when people on longer went hungry
[D]as a result of pressure on government
這個題是一個例證題目,題幹中的關鍵詞our ancestors可以把我們帶到段落的第三行:當我們的祖先一千多年前正打獵和採集食物,根本沒有時間去思考除開覓食之外的其他事情。
而答案中就有一個選項:A)當人們有足夠的時間的時候。A選項和題幹連在一起就是:當人們有足夠的時間的時候,教育就出現了。而這個時候我們往下看一句:只有人們找到一種更多產的獲得食物的方法時,我們才有時間來做其他的事情。選項中對應了:C )當人們不再挨餓的時候。A和C就很難區分了,在原文中A和C都有依據。這個時候我們可以套用公式了:
因為A所以B,選A 不選B。
因為不挨餓,有了足夠的時間。
答案當然就選不挨餓了
2003年passage 4第一題:
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans』 life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. (2003年passage 4)。
56. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
同學經常會徘徊在C和D之間。
因為C對應文章:Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.
而D對應文章:Americans』 life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.
兩個選項都有依據,只能套用公式:
因為A所以B,選A 不選B。
因為美國人對自己的醫療技術過分的自信,所以對他們的長壽盲目的驕傲。
答案為C