當在醫學院生理學課堂第一次接觸心電圖(Electrocardiography,ECG),我就對圖上那些字母的名稱來歷非常好奇,料想它們都應該是某個詞彙的首字母。
Fig. 1 The components of the ECG complex
這樣的想法縈繞了一年多,但是一直沒有想通或查到是什麼詞彙的首字母。後來學習診斷學的時候,輔助檢查裡有一個章節專門講解心電圖,面對那些起起伏伏的波形,之前的好奇再次湧了上來。查詢討論無果後,問了一位心外科的博士學長,他發給我一篇論文,讀了第一段之後發現——
P、Q、R、S、T、U,這些字母,在字母順序表裡是連在一起的啊!
(我為了讓讀者在看標題的時候想不到這一點,標題故意用P、T、QRS、U的順序。)
其實心電圖波形並不是一開始就用PQRSTU表示的,以前用過ABCD,為什麼要改呢?這篇文章介紹了這個有意思的過程——
The first human ECG, recorded by Waller in 1887 with Lippmann’s capillary electrometer, revealed only 2 deflections. Being a physiologist, Waller labeled the waves as one would expect a physiologist to do: he used letters that suggested the anatomic parts of the heart that produced them. Accordingly, he labeled the 2 waves V1 and V2 to indicate ventricular events.
生理學家Waller生於1856年,1887年記錄了人類第一張心電圖,這張原始心電圖還只有兩個波,認為他們來源於心室(Ventricle)活動,Waller把這兩個波標記為V1和V2。同年,Waller在英國皇家學會的瑪麗醫院演示了記錄心電圖的過程。
Einthoven, using a Lippmann capillary electrometer, also obtained tracings with 2 waves made by the ventricles and labeled them A and B. When Einthoven later recorded atrial excitation with an improved Lippmann electrometer, Waller labeled the newly discovered deflection with an A to indicate it was produced by the atria.
Einthoven生於1860年,參加Waller的演示會後,也投入心電圖的研究中。隨後也用同樣的工具記錄到了兩個波,他將其標記為A波和B波。後來Einthoven改進了測量工具,記錄到了心房產生的波,Waller將新記錄到的波命名為A波,表示產生部位是心房(atria)。
Einthoven, who had already used A to label the first ventricular event, used P to designate the record made by the electrical activity produced by the atria. His labeling of the primitive tracing was then mixed: A and B, the first letters of the alphabet, were used to indicate ventricular events, and P, from near the middle of the alphabet, was used to indicate atrial events.
但是Einthoven已經用A表示心室產生的第一個波了,於是他用P表示心房產生的波。現在Einthoven這裡的標記是:心室產生的波分別用A、B表示,心房產生的波用P表示。而Waller的標記是:心室產生的波用V1、V2表示,心房產生的波用A表示。
Einthoven為什麼用P呢?面對這種分歧,Waller的反應是什麼?
When Einthoven used the letter P, he was undoubtedly thinking about Descartes』 use of the letter P to designate a point on a curve. Waller, however, refused to use the new labels.
原來Einthoven是想起了笛卡爾用P標記曲線上的點,當然,Waller是不同意這種標記方法的。是Waller先發現心電圖,並把記錄到的兩個心室波命名為V1、V2,而Einthoven硬要把他們改成A、B,並不服Waller給心房波命名的A波,自己另起爐灶來了個P波……滿滿的掐架畫面感。
The ECG recorded by Einthoven with an even more refined Lippmann capillary electrometer showed 4 deflections. Einthoven labeled these waves ABCD. He eliminated the letter P, shifted the letter A to indicate electrical activity of the atria, and used B to designate the first downward deflection produced by electrical activity of the ventricles. He used C to designate the first upward wave and D to identify the last upward wave produced by electrical activity of the ventricles.
Einthoven繼續發力,又檢測到一個波,現在心電圖有4個波,他把P換成了A,但是也並沒有用Waller的V表示心室的波,而是選了A後面的BCD。以為這就結束了?沒有,不然PQRSTU是怎麼來的。
Einthoven developed a mathematical formula that compensated for the inertia and friction of the mercury column in the capillary tube of the refined Lippmann electrometer. In 1895 he published an illustration that showed his mathematically corrected curve superimposed on the uncorrected curve made by the refined Lippmann capillary electrometer.
Einthoven真的是厲害啊,開發了一個數學公式,可以補償精製的Lippmann靜電計的毛細管中汞柱的慣性和摩擦。處理後的心電圖變了樣,為了把正確形式的心電圖推廣開來,他又想到了奇招——改名。
Fig. 2 Einthoven wanted to show the difference in the 2 curves
Because he used ABCD to indicate the waves in the uncorrected tracing, he was forced to find other letters to label his corrected curve, which he superimposed on the uncorrected tracing. He chose PQRST. One attractive hypothesis is that Einthoven chose these letters because Descartes had used them to identify successive points on a curve.
因為之前用ABCD標記的是未校正過的心電圖波形,Einthoven不得不選用其他字母表示校正後的心電圖波形,他選了PQRST。改名後還是不忘「P」,Einthoven對笛卡爾的「P」情有獨鍾啊。笛卡爾的「P」是怎麼回事呢?大家可以想一想直角坐標系中的P(Px,Py)。
後來Einthoven又發現T波後記錄到一種新的波,將其命名為U波。Einthoven對心電圖波形的PQRSTU命名一直用到現在。相比於用「ABCD」系統的A打頭,或許選用P為表示心電圖的第一個波形還有一個好處:由於P位於中間,以後發現新的波往前命名或往後命名都有餘地。而Waller對心電圖波形的命名,只有V1、V2尚為現今的學習者熟悉,但是它們都不是表示心室波了——它們表示胸導聯的第一支和第二支。
1924年,Einthoven因發明心電圖記錄技術而榮獲諾貝爾醫學獎或生理學獎,當時Waller因腦中風已去世3年。心電圖問世的一百多年來,技術不斷改進,如今已經成為醫院常規診療技術,在心臟疾病的診療方面發揮重要作用。
心電圖相關醫學英語詞彙:
(圖一)
electrocardiogram/electrocardiography,ECG/EKG 心電圖
P wave / QRS complex / ST segment / T wave P波/QRS波群/ST段/T波
PR interval / QT interval PR間期/QT間期
limb leads (I, II, III, VR, VL, VF) 肢體導聯
augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) 加壓肢體導聯
chest leads (V1–V6) 胸導聯
the cardiac axis 心電軸
right axis deviation / left axis deviation 心電軸右偏/心電軸左偏
right / left atrial enlargement 右/左心房肥大
biatrial enlargement 雙心房肥大
right / left ventricular hypertrophy 右/左心室肥厚
biventricular hypertrophy 雙心室肥厚
myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血
myocardial infarction 心肌梗死
sinus rhythm 竇性心律
sinus arrhythmia 竇性心律不齊
sinus arrest 竇性停搏
sick sinus syndrome, SSS 病態竇房結症候群
sinus tachycardia / bradycardia 竇性心率過緩/過速
ventricular tachycardia 室性心動過緩
premature contraction 期前收縮
bigeminy / trigeminy 二聯律/三聯律
escape rhythm 逸搏心律
atrial flutter, AFL 心房撲動
atrial fibrillation, AF 心房顫動
atrioventricular block, AVB 房室傳導阻滯
first / second / third degree block Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ度傳導阻滯
right / left bundle branch block 右/左束支傳導阻滯
pre-excitation syndrome 預激症候群
這篇文章文章還講了心電圖後Einthovn時代發現的Delta波、Osborn波、Epsilon波的命名來歷,感興趣的讀者可以點擊閱讀原文下載文章閱讀(密碼: i3bd)。
參考文獻:
J. Willis Hurst. Naming of the Waves in the ECG, With a Brief Account of Their Genesis. Circulation. 1998;98:1937-1942.
John R. Hampton. The ECG Made Easy. Elsevier. 8th edition, 2013.
AlphaMedEnglish
供稿:Dingchao
編輯:西瓜籽
審核:TS
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