知識總結與歸納
（一）直接引語 間接引語
直接引用別人所講的話叫「直接引語（The Direct Speech）」，通常放在引號內。用自己的話轉述別人所講的話叫「間接引語（The Indirect Speech）」。間接引語在大多數情況下構成賓語從句。
直接引語與間接引語之間可以相互轉換，轉換時通常要注意人稱、句式、時態及狀語等各方面的變化。
1. 人稱變化。
直接引語轉換為間接引語時，人稱代詞要根據說話人所處的立場而進行適當的改變。如：
Uncle Li said: 「I will pick you up after work this evening. 」 → Uncle Li said he would pick me up after work that evening.
2. 句式變化。
前面講過間接引語一般構成賓語從句。直接引語轉換為間接引語時，賓語從句的引導詞可以分為幾種情況。
1） 直接賓語為陳述句時，轉化為間接引語要用that（有時可省略）來引導。如：
Tom said, 「My father got home from the park. 」→ Tom said (that) his father had got home from the park.
2） 直接引語為疑問句時，轉化時要注意將間接引語中的賓語從句部分改為陳述語序，同時引導賓語從句的連接詞要視情況而定。
A. 直接引語為一般疑問句時，要用whether/if 來引導，同時要注意如果原句的謂語為say時要改為ask。必要時還可加上一個間接賓語(me, him, us 等)，如：
「Have you seen her somewhere?」 Anderson said. →Anderson asked(me) whether/if I had seen her somewhere.
B. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時，引導詞為原句的特殊疑問詞，如：
「What are you doing?」 she shouted at me angrily. →She asked me what I was doing angrily.
C. 直接引語是選擇疑問句時，轉化時間接引語的謂語動詞可以選擇wonder, ask等詞，賓語從句由whether. . . or(not). . . 來引導。例如：
My grandma said sadly, 「Are you leaving today or tomorrow?」→My grandma asked sadly whether I was leaving that day or the next day.
3) 直接引語是祈使句時，轉化時多使用一個不定式，謂語可根據語氣來定。如：用ask sb. (not) to do來表示「請求」；用tell / order sb. (not) to do來表示「命令」； 用encourage sb. (not) to do來表示「鼓勵」； 用forbid / don’t allow sb. to do來表示「禁止；不許可」； 用advise sb. (not) to do；或suggest doing sth. 來表示「建議」；用wish/ expect sb. (not) to do來表示「希望」； 用let / have / make sb. do sth. 或get sb. (not) to do來表示「使（讓／請）某人做某事」。
4) 感嘆句一般不宜改為間接引語，因為這樣不益於感情的表達。但偶爾也可改為間接引語，謂語可選擇exclaim/give an exclamation of, wish, remark等詞，如：
「What a lovely garden!」 he said. → He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden.
3. 時態變化。
直接引語轉化為間接引語時，賓語從句中的謂語一般要轉化成與直接引語相對應的過去的時態。當然，若直接引語使用了過去完成時，轉化時就不需要再作改變了。
4. 狀語等其他變化。
直接引語改為間接引語時，除以上的人稱變化、句式變化、時態變化外，還要注意狀語等其他變化。主要有：
1) 時間狀語變化，如：now→then；today→that day；tonight→that night； yesterday→the day before； last week→the week before；tomorrow→the next day等；
2) 地點狀語變化，如：here→there等；
3) 指示代詞變化，如：this→that；these→those等；
4) 謂語動詞變化，如：come→go等。
5. 其它需要注意的地方。
1) 直接引語如果是客觀真理或客觀事實，變為間接引語時，時態不變。如：
The teacher said, 「The earth goes round the sun. 」→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
2) 直接引語是一般過去時並且和具體時間狀語連用，改為間接引語時，時態一般不變。如：
「The teaching-building was set up in 2004. 」 he said. → He said that the teaching-building was set up in 2004.
3) 如果在當地轉述，那麼here不必改為there，come不必改為go。如果在當天轉述，yesterday，tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。如：
「Come here at 8:00 tomorrow. 」 I said. → I asked him to come here at 8:00 tomorrow, but he hasn’t appeared until now.
【典型例題】
一、單項選擇：
1. ― What did your PE teacher say about your high jump at the sports meeting?
― He said that I ______ better.
A. can do B. am C. will do D. could do
2. Liu Ling’s mother wanted to know ______.
A. if she studied hard at school B. how did she study at school
C. what did she study at school
3. Our math teacher always tells us______ make the same mistakes again.
A. dont B. not C. to not D. not to
4. I dont know if it ______ tomorrow. If it ______, I will stay at home.
A. will rain; rains B. rains; will rain C. will rain; will rain
5. Mother asked me ______ computer games before finishing my homework.
A. not play B. to play C. not to play D. to not play
6. ― Do you know ______?
― Yes. He came here for his dictionary.
A. what did he come here for B. when he came here
C. why he came here D. how he came here
二、句型轉換
1. 「Where do you have your art lessons? Mum asked me.
Mum asked me ______ ____________ ______ art lessons.
2. Will you go to the cinema tomorrow? she asked me.
She asked me ______ I ______go to the cinema the next day.
3. Dont play football on your way home, the teacher said.
The teacher told us ______ to play football on our way home.
4. Did they have a good journey home? Do you know?
Do you know ______ they ______a good journey home?
三、根據上句完成下句，每空一詞，意思不改變。
1. 「Please tell me what happened, Helen,」 Mr Green said.
Mr Green asked Helen ____________ ______ what ______ happened.
2. 「How are you feeling now?」 the doctor asked her.
The doctor asked her _____ _____ ______ feeling ______.
3. Mother said to Peter, Dont put your coat on this table.
Mother told Peter ______ ____________ his coat on ______ table.
4. He said, Did you see Tom last night?
He asked me ______ ______ ____________ Tom ______ night ______.
5. She said, I will come here next week.
She said that ______ ______ ____________ ______ ______ ______.
6. Xiao Ming said, My brother lost my bike today.
Xiao Ming said that ______ brother______ ______ ______ bike ____________.
7. She asked when the sports meet would begin.
She asked, ______ ______ the sports meet ______?
8. Father told Joan not to be late for the meeting.
Father said, ______ ______ late for the meeting, ______.
9. The boy said his parents had been with him five days before.
The boy said, ______ parents ______ with me five days ______.
10. John asked if I understood what the man was saying.
John asked, ______ you ______what the man ______ saying.
(二) 虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示主觀願望、假設和建議等，所說的話與事實相反。其構成形式見下表：
清單一：虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法
包含條件從句的句子稱為條件句。條件句有兩類：真實條件句和虛擬條件句。
如果假設的情況是有可能發生的，就是真實條件句，謂語通常用陳述語氣。如：
If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go there.
You won’t succeed unless you plan well.
如果是純粹的假設或者發生的可能性不大，則是虛擬條件句。
1. 表示與現在事實相反或現在發生的可能性不大，謂語動詞的主要形式
We could ask him if he were here.
If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.
2. 表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞的主要形式
If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it.
3. 表示與將來事實相反，謂語動詞的主要形式
If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
清單二：虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法
1. 動詞wish後的賓語從句中，謂語動詞的主要形式
2. 在would rather/ had rather/ prefer等後面的賓語從句中謂語動詞的主要形式
3. 在表示「要求、建議、命令」「讚許、氣憤、驚奇、不滿」等感情色彩較強的詞後的賓語從句中，動詞常用should+動詞原形（被動語態用should+be+p. p），should常常被省略。
這些動詞、名詞有：advise/ advice, idea, insist, request, order, require/ requirement, decide/ decision。形容詞、分詞有：important, necessary, unusual, demanded, hoped, ordered, suggested。如：
My father suggested that we (should) do the job at once.
The suggestion that the sports meeting (should) be put off was rejected.
清單三：虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法
1. as if( though)引導的從句中，謂語動詞的主要形式與wish後的賓語從句相同
It seems as if it was (were) winter now.
They talked as if (though) they had been good friends for years.
2. 以in order that, so that引導的從句中，謂語動詞的主要形式
Speak loudly so that we may( can) hear you.
清單四：虛擬語氣在口語、委婉語中的用法
在口語中，為了使語氣更加客氣、委婉，人們常常使用should(would, could, might)+動詞原形這個結構。如：
I don’t think he would be so careful.
Would you mind my smoking here?
【典型例題】
1. ---I missed the lecture last night.
--Oh, what a pity I wish ______.
A. you heard it B. you had heard it
C. you never heard it D. you havent heard it
2. -- -Do you want him to lend you some money?
--- I wish he _______.
A. should B. would C. will D. had
3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _____.
A. breaks B. would C. will D. had
4. The two strangers talked as if they _____ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
5. --- Shall I come tomorrow?
--- Id rather you _______.
A. didnt B. wont C. dont D. wouldnt
6. If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be
7. If she had worked harder, she _______.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. Mother insists that a doctor _____ at once.
A. has been sent for B. sends for C. will be sent for D. be sent for
9. If my lawyer _____ here last Saturday, he _____ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, prevent
C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented
10. If it ______ for the snow, we _____ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not, could have climbed B. were not, could climb
C. had not been, could have climbed D. had not been, could climb
(三)倒裝句
清單一：完全倒裝
1. 當句子的主語較長時，為了避免頭重腳輕的感覺，通常把表語或狀語放在句子的前面。如：
At the head of the queue was an old woman.
Before the thief stood John who was a detective and had arrested him twice.
2. 由一些副詞（如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, off, away等）開頭的句子，為強調這些副詞的作用，用倒裝形式。如：
There comes a bus.
Up came the girl to me and she began to cry.
清單二：部分倒裝
1. so, neither, nor位於句首，表示與前面謂語所述的情況相同。如：
He will go skating. So will she.
I didn’t finish my homework. Neither did he.
2. 由否定詞或否定含義的短語開頭（如few, little, never, hardly, not until等）和由「so/ often/ only+狀語等」引導的句子，要部分倒裝。如：
Never have we heard of this kind of thing.
Only then did I realize how awful he was.
Not until this morning did I know that he had got married.
3. 一些表示祝願的句子要用倒裝形式。如：
May you enjoy your trip!
May you keep healthy!
清單三：「so+助動詞+主語」和「so+主語+助動詞」的用法區別
1. so+助動詞(be動詞或情態動詞)+主語
常用來說明前面所說的情況也同樣適用於後面的人或物，意為「某人（物）也一樣」。該結構中的助動詞（be動詞或情態動詞）必須與前句的謂語動詞以及後句主語的人稱和數保持一致，時態和前句保持一致。如：
Mary likes Chinese. So does Tom.
= Mary likes Chinese. Tom likes Chinese, too.
=Both Mary and Tom like Chinese.
= Mary and Tom both like Chinese.
They went to the zoo yesterday. So did we.
注意：如果前面的句子是否定句，則要用neither 或nor,說明前句否定的情況也同樣適用於後面的句子。如：
You didn’t go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did I.
You can’t sing English songs. Neither/ Nor can they.
2. so+主語+助動詞（be動詞或情態動詞）
意為「的確如此、確實如此」，表示後者贊同前者的話或意見，只是進一步強調並重複前句所述的內容。前後兩句的主語指的是同一個人或物。如：
---He will speak at the meeting tomorrow.
---So he will.
---He went to see his friend yesterday.
--- So he did.
【典型例題】
1. ---I’m going to an amusement park.
--- ___________.
A. So am I. B. So are you. C. So you are. D. So I am.
2. --- In recent years, more and more Americans like travelling during holidays.
--- ___________.
A. So do we Chinese. B. So will we Chinese.
C. So we Chinese do. D. So we Chinese will
3. Jim works hard on his Chinese and ______.
A. so Lucy does. B. so is Lucy C. so does Lucy D. so Lucy is
4. --- Ann has made great progress recently.
--- ______ and ________.
A. So has she, so you have.
B. So has she, so have you.
C. So she has, so you have
D. So she has, so have you
5. --- I hope to visit the Summer Palace.
--- ________.
A. So do I. B. So I do. C. Yes, I do.
6. —How well Anna dances! I can’t believe my eyes!
--- ________.
A. So she does. B. So does she. C. Neither can she. D. So can I.
【模擬試題】（答題時間：15分鐘）
*一、將下列直接引語改為間接引語
1. She said, 「I’m happy at the news.」
_________________________________________
2. He said to me, 「I will call you tomorrow. 」
_________________________________________
3. He said to us, 「Are you ready？」
__________________________________________
4. 「Do you remember the story」 Li Ping’s father asked him.
_________________________________________
5. 「Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?」 he asked the conductor.
_________________________________________
6. 「How many car factories have been built in your country?」 he asked me.
_________________________________________
7. He said to me, 「What do you want?」
_________________________________________
8. 「Come to my office at once!」 the officer said to the soldier.
_________________________________________
9. John said, 「What a beautiful day it is！」
_________________________________________
10. 「Don’t play with the cat!」, he said to me.
_________________________________________
二、單項選擇
1. —Come and join us, Jimmy!
--- I’m sorry, but I’m really busy now. If I _____ time, I would certainly go.
A. will have B. have had C. had D. have
2. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made.
A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading
3. You are late. If you ______ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.
A. come, would meet B. had come, would have met
C. come, will meet D. had come, would meet
4. The two students talked as if they ______ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
5. He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.
A. was B. were C. has been D. had been
6. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known
7. He suggested that they ______ use a trick instead of fighting.
A. should B. would C. do D. had
8. He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that.
A. know B. knows C. known D. knew
9. ---I usually go to bed late at night. And you?
--- ________.
A. So I do. B. So do I. C. So am I. D. So I am.
10. ---Li Xin thinks Yao Ming is becoming the most famous basketball player in the world.
--- _______________.
A. So am I B. So do I. C. So I do. D. So I am.
11. --- Will your sister go to Hainan this summer?
---- If I don’t go, _______.
A. neither will she. B. neither does she C. so will she D. so does she
12. --- Peter doesn’t know much French.
--- ___________.
A. So do I. B. So am I. C. Neither do I D. Neither am I.
13. --- You forgot ______ the door.
--- Oh, ________. I』ll go and close it.
A. closing, so did I B. to close, so I did
C. closing, nor did I D. to close, neither did I
14. --- Do you think it will be cool tomorrow?
---- ______. It has been too hot for a week.
A. I hope so. B. I’m afraid so C. So it is D. Of course not
15. Your sister works very hard, and ______.
A. so you are B. so you do C. so are you D. so do you
【試題答案】
一、
1. She said that she was happy at the news.
2. He told me (that) he would call me the next day.
3. He asked us if/whether we were ready.
4. Li Ping’s father asked him if /whether he remembered the story.
5. He asked the conductor where he should get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
6. He asked me how many car factories had been built in my country.
7. He asked me what I wanted.
8. The officer told the soldier to come to his office at once.
9. John said what a beautiful day it was. (或John said that it was a beautiful day. )
10. He told me not to play with the cat.
二、
1~5 CBBDD 6~10 AADBB 11~15ACBAD