本次英語語法專題我們學習「助動詞」,具體內容如下:
一、英語中的助動詞
英語中常用作助動詞的有三組詞:
1)be,am,is,are,was,were,been,being
2)has,have,had,having
3)does,do,did
另外還有shall,will,would,should雖然也是助動詞,卻有時起情態動詞的作用,可說是介乎助動詞和情態動詞之間的詞,它們的作用和can,may,must有很多相近之處。為了方便,也把它們放在本專題中討論。
二、be的基本用法
1)be作助動詞,主要用來構成:
①各種進行時態
例句:The leaves areturning red.
樹葉漸漸地變紅了。
例句:He wasgroping in the dark,so to speak.
可以說他還在黑暗中摸索。
例句:Come on time.We'll beexpecting you.
準時來,我們會等著你。
②各種被動語態
例句:Not a cloud was to be seen.
看不到一片雲彩。
例句:The trip has been canceled.
這次旅行取消了。
③各種被動形式
例句:He was there being trainedas an astronaut.
他在那裡被培訓為太空人。
例句:He asked to be sentto work abroad.
他請求被派去國外工作。
例句:Knowledge has to be improved,challenged and increasedconstantly,or it vanished.
知識要不斷地發展,受到挑戰,再增長,否則它就會消失。
2)be用作其他類動詞
①用作系動詞
例句:Now isnow,and then was then.
此一時,彼一時也。
例句:Remember your father's directions and bea good girl.
記住你爸爸的話,做個好姑娘。
例句:He had (has) beenin Tibet for five years.
他已經在西藏呆了五年。
例句:Whatever is isright.
存在的就是合理的。
②用作不及物動詞(表示發生某事或存在某種情況)
例句:I think,so I am.
我思故我在。
例句:How long ago wasit ?
這是多久以前的事?
例句:All shall bewell,Jack shall have Jill.
有情人終成眷屬。
例句:I'm sorry Sir. The meeting's already been.
對不起,先生。會已經開過了。
3)be+不定式結構
①打算做某事或計劃好要做某事(意思接近於be going to)
例句:I am to edita volume of Irish Fairy Tales.
我打算編一本愛爾蘭童話。
例句:To be wise is to thinkof everything beforehand.
聰明就是事前考慮一切事情。
例句:True wisdom consists not only in seeing what is before your eyes,but in foreseeing what is to come.
真正的智慧不僅在於能看清眼前的一切,而且能夠預見將來。
不定式可用完成形式,表示「本來打算」:
例句:I was to have seenhim yesterday,but he didn't come.
我本來昨天可以見到他的,但他沒來。
例句:The mayor was to have laidthe foundation stone but he was (taken) ill last night.
市Z原本要來主持奠基典禮的,但昨晚生病了。
②該做某事(接近於should,must,ought to,have to等)
例句:Suppose he comes here,what am I to tellhim ?
假如他到這裡來,我該對他講什麼?
例句:You are not to smokein the room.
你不可以在放家裡抽菸。
③能做某事(接近於can,may)
例句:Not a sound was to be heard.
聽不到一丁點兒聲音。
例句:How am I to paysuch a debt ?
這筆債我怎麼還得起?
例句:We Chinese people are not to be bullied.
我們中國人不是好欺辱的。
④將來必然要發生的事
例句:The worst is still to come.
更糟糕的事還在後頭。
例句:They said goodbye,little knowing they werenever to meet again.
他們互相道別,不知道彼此將再也不會見面了。
三、have的基本用法
1)have作助動詞,主要用來構成:
①完成時態和完成進行時態
例句:He has eatenmany a Christmas pie.
(諺)他吃過許多聖誕節糕餅。/他經歷豐富。
例句:She'll have arrivedin Shenzhen by 6 o'clock.
六點時她就會到達深圳。
例句:What hasshe been doing since ?
此後她一直在做什麼?
例句:Haveyou been waiting long ?
你等好久了嗎?
②完成形式
例句:I regretted having beenso rude to him.
我懊悔對他那樣粗魯無禮。
例句:Not having gotan answer,he was rather worried.
由於沒有得到回音,他很著急。
例句:Life has taughtme to think,but thinking has not taught me to live.
生活教會了我思考,但思考卻沒有教會我生活。
2)have作及物動詞的用法
Have是一個非常活躍的及物動詞,可以:
①表示所屬關係
例句:Bad news haswings.
(諺)好事不出門,壞事傳千裡。
例句:If you havegreat talents,industry will improve them;if you have but moderate abilities,industry will supply their deficiency.
如果你頗有天賦,勤勉會使其更加完美;如果你能力平平,勤勉會補之不足。
例句:I haveonly one life and it's short enough,why waste it on things I don't want most ?
人只有一次生命,且人生苦短,為什麼在最不必要的事情上浪費時間呢?
常有較靈活的譯法:
例句:Life is constantly pounding you from the outside with millions of hammer blows,but you havethe last word as to how those blows will change you.
人生中,經常有無數來自外部的打擊。但這些打擊究竟對你產生怎樣的影響,最終決定權在你手中。
例句:We all live under the same sky,but we don't all havethe same horizon.
我們都生活在同一天空下,但各自的起點不同。
例句:She hasa happy childhood.
她童年很幸福。
②和許多名詞連用表示動作
Have a long walk長時間散步
Have a chat (with) (和......)聊天
Have a look at瞧(某物)
Have a drink of water喝一杯水
Have a wash洗一洗
Have a swim遊一會兒泳
Have a rest休息一會兒
Have a read看一會兒書
Have a good lying好好躺一會兒
Have a quarrel (with)(和......)吵一架
Have a win in a competition比賽獲勝
Have a smoke抽一支煙
③表示「吃」、「喝」、「患(病)」等
例句:Will you have a cigarette?
要不要抽根煙。
例句:They are having fishfor supper.
他們晚飯要吃魚。
例句:Everybody here has the influenza.
這裡人人都患流感。
3)構成某些句型
①have+名(代)詞+(不帶to的)不定式-讓某人做某事
例句:If you would have another keep a secret,keep it first yourself.
若要別人保守秘密,首先要從自己做起。
例句:Sometimes I would rather havepeople take away years of my life than take away a moment.
有時我寧願別人奪走我幾年的時間,也不願他們佔有我某一短暫時刻。
②have+名(代)詞+過去分詞-讓(別人)做某事或遭遇某事
例句:She's having her eyes tested.
她在測視力。
例句:Pa's had his hands burned.
爸爸的手被燙了。
例句:The pilot had his plane hijacked.
飛機被劫持了。
③have+名(代)詞+現在分詞-讓某人做某事;讓某事發生
例句:He tried to have her talking,but no use.
他設法讓她說話,但沒有用。
例句:We can't have that sort of things happening.
我們不能允許那種事情發生。
④have(got)to不得不
例句:The better we feel about ourselves,the fewer times we have toknock somebody else down to feel tall.
我們的自我感覺越良好,我們就越不用著把別人打倒在地才覺得自己高大。
例句:Wise men talk because they have something to say;fools,because they have tosay something.
明智的人說話是因為他們有話要說,愚蠢的人說話時因為他們不得不說。
例句:If we can not get what we like,we have tolike what we can get.
(諺)隨遇而安。
⑤have got (=have)
例句:I've gotone or two things to see to.
我有一兩件事要辦理。
例句:What'sthat got to do with you ?
那和你有什麼關係?
例句:It was leukemia that she had got.
她患的是白血病。
四、do的基本用法
1)do作助動詞的用法
作為助動詞,do可以用來:
①構成疑問句和否定句
例句:Didn'tshe sing well ?
她唱得真好!
例句:He lives here,doesn'the ?
他在這裡住,對吧?
例句:I don'task for the meaning of the song of a bird or the rising of the sun on a misty morning.There they are,and they are beautiful.
我不想知道鳥鳴的含意或太陽在霧蒙蒙的早晨升起的意義。他們就這樣,這樣很美。
例句:One tree doesnotmake a forest;one flower does not make a spring.
(諺)獨木不成林,一花不成春。
②加在動詞前表示強調
例句:The fool does thinkhe is wise,but the wise knows himself to be a fool.
(諺)愚者自以為智,智者則有自知之明。
例句:I do hopeyou'll come to China again.
我真希望你將再次來中國。
例句:Please! Do bequiet a moment !
求求你們!請安靜一會兒!
③用來表示剛提到的動作,以避免重複
例句:She doesn't drive but I do.
他不會開車,但我會。
例句:-You left the door open.你沒關門。
-So I did.沒錯。
2)do作及物動詞的用法
①和名(代)詞連用,表示「做(某事)」
例句:Whatwe do during working hours determines what we have;what we do in our leisure hours determines what we are.
我們在工作時間做得事決定了我們擁有什麼;我們在閒暇時間做的事情確定了我們是什麼樣的人。
例句:Only those who have the patience to dosimple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.
只有耐心地完成簡單工作的人,才能夠輕而易舉地完成困難之事。
可用於被動結構:
What's to be done ?
該怎麼辦?
②和動名詞連用
例句:A diplomat is a fellow that lets you do all the talkingwhile he gets what he wants.
外交家就是這樣一個人,他讓你一直說話,而他卻得到了他想要的東西。
例句:She did lots of actingwhen she was at university.
她在讀大學時演過很多戲。
③和一些表示物件的名詞連用,表示「梳」、「刷」等
例句:Let's do the Eiffel Towertoday and the Pompidou Center tomorrow.
咱們今天去參觀艾菲爾鐵塔,明天遊覽蓬皮杜中心。
例句:Jane spends ages doing her hairin the morning.
簡早上會花很長時間弄頭髮。
例句:Can you do the roomsnow ?
你現在能打掃房間嗎?
3)do作不及物動詞的用法
①表示工作、學習等方面的情況
例句:Say well is good,but dowell is better.
與其誇誇其談,不如埋頭苦幹。
例句:How are you doingin your new job ?
你的新工作幹得怎麼樣?
例句:The patient is doingwell.
病人康復情況良好。
②表示「行」、「夠了」、「合適」、「可以」等
例句:I've got some linen here,will it do?
我這兒有一些亞麻布,能用嗎?
例句:This place would dofor a gymnasium.
這地方可以作體育館。
例句:That jacket won't dofor skiing.
這件夾克衫不適合滑雪。
例句:Will 5 do?
五英鎊夠嗎?
五、will的基本用法
1)用於將來時態(各種人稱後都可以用)
例句:Willyou be taking your leave in South Africa ?
你準備在南非度假嗎?
例句:It looks as if he won'tbe in time for the train.
看來他好像趕不上火車了。
2)用於疑問句表示請求
例句:Shut the door,willyou ?
把門關上好嗎?
例句:Willyou be staying the night ?
你在這裡住宿嗎?
例句:Won't you take off your overcoat ?
你不把大衣脫掉嗎?
3)用於各個人稱,表示:
①願意,肯
例句:She won'tso much as look at David.
她連看大衛一眼都不肯。
例句:Please come over the weekend if you will.
如果你願意,請來度周末。
例句:I willhave nothing to do with this matter.
我不願和這事扯上關係。
②決心,承諾
例句:I won'tgive her a divorce.
我不會和她離婚。
例句:I won'tlet her down in any way.
我絕不會讓她失望。
③習慣,傾向,特性
例句:Boys willbe boys.
男孩終究是男孩。
例句:She will ask very strange questions.
她總是問一些稀奇古怪的問題。
④規律性的,「註定會」
例句:You willfail if you don't work hard.
不努力註定要失敗的。
例句:Man willdie without air.
沒有空氣,人註定要死亡。
⑤命令,叮囑
例句:You willreport to the headquarters right today.
你今天就去總部報到。
例句:You willnot mention this meeting to anyone.
你不得向任何人提及這次會議。
例句:No one will leave the examination room before 12 o'clock.
十二點之前誰也不準離開考場。
⑥猜測
例句:This willbe the book you are looking for.
這可能是你正在找的那本書。
例句:I knew his father,Professor White - you'llhave heard of him.
我認識他父親懷特教授,想必你聽過他的。
六、would的基本用法
1)作助動詞的用法
①用來構成過去將來時態(各人稱後均可以用)
例句:After her trip to Paris,she wouldreturn on Saturday morning.
巴黎之行後她會於星期天早上回來。
例句:He asked if I wouldaccept his invitation.
他問我是否接受他的邀請。
②用來委婉地提出請求、問題、看法等
例句:I'm sure he wouldn'tmind your going.
我肯定他不會介意你去。
例句:Wouldyou kindly send me his address ?
勞駕,可否把他的地址寄給我?
例句:I think that wouldbe the most convenient time for us.
我想這對我們是最適合的時間。
2)用於虛擬語氣
①用於虛擬條件句
例句:He wouldbe delighted if you went to see him.
你要是去看他,他會很高興。
例句:If we were men,we wouldbe doing something now.
如果我們是男人,我們現在就會採取行動。
例句:The soul wouldhave no rainbow had the eyes no tears.
若非一番寒徹骨,哪得梅花撲鼻香。
②用於含蓄條件句
例句:Hurry up! It would be a pity to miss the beginning of the play.
快點,要是看不到戲的開頭就太遺憾了。
例句:I wouldhave taken a firm stand.
(如果是我)我會採取堅定的立場。
③用於其他情況
例句:I wish the sun wouldcome out.
但願太陽會出來。
例句:She worried for fear that her child wouldbe hurt.
她很擔心,唯恐孩子受到傷害。
例句:She burned the letters so that her husband wouldnever read them.
他把這些信燒掉,這樣她丈夫就永遠不會看到了。
3)(用於過去情況)表示「願意」、「肯」、「會」等(也可以說是will的過去形式)
例句:However I tried,he just wouldn'tlisten.
不管我怎樣努力,他就是不聽。
例句:She would notgo to the dentist even though she was in considerable pain.
儘管牙疼的厲害,她仍不願意去看牙醫。
例句:I had to obey whether I wouldor not.
不管我願不願意,我都得服從。
可用在虛擬條件句的從句中:
I should be obliged if you wouldn't George me.
如果你不能叫我喬治,我會很感激。
4)表示過去的習慣性動作或傾向
例句:When he was young he wouldoften walk in these woods.
他年輕時常常在這些樹林裡散步。
例句:The wound wouldnot heal.
傷口老不癒合。
5)表示猜測
例句:I'dsay she's about 40.
我猜她有四十歲左右。
例句:That wouldbe in spring,1989.
那大概是在1989年春天。
例句:I thought you would have some back.
我想你可能已經回來了。
6)用在一些結構中
例句:Wouldyou like me to come along with you ?
要我跟你一起嗎?
例句:I'd beonly too glad to help.
我很高興幫忙。
例句:I'd hateto leave you.
我真不願意離開你們。
例句:I'd soonergo home.
我寧願回家去。
七、shall的基本用法
1)作助動詞的用法
①主要用於第一人稱,構成疑問句以徵求對方意見
例句:What shallI get for dinner ?
我用什麼來做晚餐。
例句:Let's sing together,shallwe ?
我們一起唱歌吧?
例句:Shall we say 6 o'clock,then ?
那麼,我們就定在六點鐘,好嗎?
②在英式英語中也可用肯定句和否定句中(現在用will的人可能更多一些),構成將來時態
例句:We shallnot be arriving until ten o'clock.
我們要到十點鐘才到。
例句:Truth may be blamed,but shallnever be shamed.
2)在英式英語中可用在比較文氣的語言中,表示「規定」、「許諾」、「命令」、「警告」等
例句:All payments shallbe made by the end of the month.
所有款必須月底前付清。(規定)
例句:If you really want a pony,you shallhave one.
如果你確實需要小馬,我就給你一匹。(許諾)
例句:He shallbe sorry for it one day,I tell you.
有一天他會後悔的,我告訴你。(警告)
例句:She shallnot stay under my roof.
你不得留在我家。(命令)
八、should的基本用法
1)作助動詞的用法
在英式英語中should可用於第一人稱,構成過去將來時態(在口語中用would更多一些):
例句:I never thought I should (would)see you again.
我以為再也見不到你了。
例句:I should (would) be most grateful if you could do it for me.
如果你能幫我做這事,我會非常感激。
2)作情態動詞-表示「應該(當)」(接近於ought to)
例句:If you reveal your secrets to the wind,you shouldnot blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.
如果你將秘密告訴風,就不要怪風將秘密洩露給樹。
例句:We shouldnot let our fears hold us back from pursuing our hopes.
我們不應該讓恐懼阻礙我們追求希望。
後面可用完成時等形式:
例句:What you shouldhave done is to call the police.
你本該叫警察來。
例句:You shouldhave been helping Tom.
你本應當在幫助湯姆。
例句:You shouldn'tbe reading a novel.You should be reading a textbook.
此刻你不應當在看小說,而應當在看課本。
3)用在某些句子中使語氣顯得更委婉(僅用於第一人稱)
例句:I should liketo phone my lawyer.
我想給我律師打個電話。
例句:I should adviseyou not to do that.
我倒是勸你別這麼做。
4)用在某些賓語從句中構成謂語(美式英語常用動詞原形)
例句:I suggest that we should leaveearly for the airport.
我建議我們早點動身去機場。
例句:He arranged that I should goabroad.
他安排我出國。
例句:They asked that relief work shouldbe given priority.
他們要求優先處理救濟事務。
5)用在某些主語從句中構成謂語(美式英語常用動詞原形)
例句:It is advisable that everyone should havea map.
最好每人都帶一張地圖。
例句:It is his suggestion that I should comeround to you.
他建議我來找你。
6)有時should可用在某些從句甚至主句中,帶有感情色彩(可譯為「竟然」等)
例句:It's odd that she should reactin this way.
很奇怪,她竟然做出這樣的反應。
例句:I don't know why you should thinkthat I did it.
我真不知道你憑什麼認為這件事是我幹的。
7)用在虛擬條件句中
①(英式英語中)用在主句中的第一人稱後(這時用would的人較多)
例句:I should have goneto the party if she had invited me.
要是她邀請我,我會去參加聚會的。
例句:I should not have laughedif I had thought you were serious.
如果我認為你是認真的,我就不會笑了。
②用在條件從句中(主句謂語可用虛擬語氣、祈使語氣或陳述語氣)
例句:I could persuade her to make room for you shouldit be necessary.
如果有必要,我可以說服她給你騰地方。
例句:If I should goto Europe this summer,I would probably go by ship.
倘若我今年夏天去歐洲的話,我很可能坐船去。
8)用在某些由in case,so that,lest等引導的狀語從句中
例句:I'll keep a seat for you in case you should changeyour mind.
我給你留個座位以備你改變主意。
例句:She had it under the pillow so that he should not seeit.
她把它藏在枕頭下面以防他看到。
例句:He paused,lest he should saytoo much.
他停了下來,唯恐說得太多。
9)表示猜測
例句:With her talent and experience,she should dowell for herself.
憑著她的才能和經驗,她自己應能做得很好。
例句:I should imagineit will take about three hours.
我推測這大約要三個小時。
例句:I should sayshe's over forty.
我猜她有四十多歲了。
以上就是「助動詞」的內容,下面是復盤導圖。咱們一定要結合例句學習語法,這樣更容易理解和實操英語!
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