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本文主要講述了巴以兩國的戰爭衝突，起因還是被三教視為聖地的耶路撒冷。近代，因為這塊土地發生了不少戰爭。此篇文章主要講訴了雙方的衝突起因、雙方的戰爭以及最主要的事情——此次衝突又造成了大量人員傷亡。第一段描述了衝突發生的起因以及雙方的行動；第二段具體說明雙方產生的衝突，並造成了什麼影響；第三段則在詳細分析這次衝突的原因。
Israel and Palestine——The fire this time
以巴衝突之最新交火
Another cycle of violence leaves scores of people dead. How will it end?
此次大規模流血事件將如何結束？
英文選自0515《經濟學人》Middle East & Africa板塊
譯審：Echo, Sofia 編輯：Robin
①WHAT BEGAN last month as a dispute over metal barricades in Jerusalem has now, in the surreal logic of the Holy Land, brought Israel and Gaza to the brink of war. Since May 10th Palestinian militants in the territory have fired more than 1,600 rockets at Israel, which in turn has carried out hundreds of air strikes. It is by far the most intense round of warfare since 2014. Israeli bombs have destroyed three tower blocks in Gaza, in operations reportedly aimed at offices of Hamas, the militant Islamist group that controls territory. Hamas and its allies have fired huge barrages of rockets at Tel Aviv and southern Israel. Scores of people, mostly Palestinians, have been killed.
從上個月開始，以色列和巴勒斯坦加沙地區就設置在耶路撒冷的金屬路障問題起了爭端。現在，因為聖地這個概念中包含的根本說不通的邏輯，巴以雙方兵戎相見，戰事一觸即發。從5月10日開始，巴勒斯坦境內的激進份子已經向以色列發射了1600多枚火箭彈，而以色列則進行了數百次空襲反擊。這是自2014年以來雙方發生的最為激烈的戰事。以色列發射的炸彈已經摧毀了三座位於加沙地區的塔式建築。據報導，以方的襲擊目標是掌控該區域的哈馬斯（激進的伊斯蘭教組織）的指揮大樓。哈馬斯和其盟友向特拉維夫市（以色列港市）和以色列南部地區進行了火力猛攻，投射了大量的火箭彈。大量民眾（大部分是巴勒斯坦民眾）死於這次衝突中。
②Both sides have threatened more violence, despite calls for the opposite from America, the European Union and Arab countries. Israel moved troops to the border with Gaza and told residents to stay in bomb shelters. Clashes between Arabs and Jews spread across Israel, which imposed a state of emergency in the city of Lod following riots by Israeli Arabs and the killing of an Arab man by a Jewish resident. The United Nations envoy to the Middle East, Tor Wennesland, warned that fighting was 「escalating towards a full-scale war」.
儘管美國、歐盟以及阿拉伯國家都呼籲巴以雙方停戰，但他們還是互相威脅到要採取更多的暴力行動。以色列將軍隊遷移到加沙地區的邊界周圍，並告訴當地居民待在防空洞裡。其國內也爆發了發生兩國人民間的衝突。比如在洛德市，不僅出現了由當地阿拉伯人主導的暴亂，還發生了一起阿拉伯人被一名當地猶太人殺害的事件。事情發生後，該以色列城市宣布進入緊急狀態。聯合國中東問題特使託爾·文內斯蘭（Tor Wennesland）警告稱，這場衝突正在「升級為全面戰爭」。
③The trouble started, as it so often does, with clashes over a small bit of land, intensified by the religious power of Jerusalem. In this case it was the sunken plaza around the Damascus Gate, one of the ancient entrances to the old walled city (see map on next page). In April, at the start of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, Israel’s police chief decided 「for security reasons」 to fence off the area, a gathering spot for Palestinians. That led to clashes. The move was later reversed, but street battles between young Palestinians and Israeli police culminated in two big incidents in which police entered the area around the al-Aqsa mosque, Islam’s third-holiest site, firing stun-grenades and rubber bullets. Hundreds of people were injured.
此次衝突爆發的原因和往常相同，都與一小塊兒土地（耶路撒冷）有關，並且還在其宗教力量的影響下愈演愈烈。大馬士革門是這座由古城牆圍繞的老城的古老入口之一，這次的情況和位於大馬士革門附近的下沉廣場有關。4月，穆斯林剛剛進入齋月，以色列的警察局長決定以」安全名目「將該地區用柵欄隔離起來，而這片地區剛好是巴勒斯坦人的聚居地。因此，衝突得以產生。雖然後來這個決定被推翻，但還是引發了巴勒斯坦年輕人和以色列警察之間的街頭較量，並在兩次大事件中達到頂峰。阿克薩清真寺是伊斯蘭教的第三大聖地，而以色列警察卻進入了該區域，投擲了眩暈彈以及橡皮彈。數百人在這次行動中受傷。
④On May 10th thousands of Jewish nationalists added to the febrile atmosphere by marching, as they do every year, on 「Jerusalem Day」—a holiday marking Israel’s capture of East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza in the six-day war in 1967. This year, at least, Binyamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, ordered a last-minute change to the route, away from the Damascus Gate. That angered the marchers, but just as they were gathering at the roadblock preventing their progress to the gate, Hamas launched its rockets, setting off air-raid sirens and forcing them to disperse.
5曰10日，幾千名猶太民族主義者像往年一樣，通過遊行活動為耶路撒冷日增添了狂熱的氛圍。這個節日設立以慶祝以色列在取得1967年戰爭（持續了6天）勝利後對東耶路撒冷、約旦河西岸以及加沙地區的控制。而今年，以色列總理本雅明·內塔尼亞胡在緊要關頭下達了命令，要求遊行隊伍改變線路，遠離大馬士革門。這一命令激怒了遊行者們，但是就當他們聚集在前往大馬士革門的路障旁邊時，哈馬斯發射了炮彈，發出空襲警報，迫使遊行群眾疏散。
⑤Israel’s Iron Dome missile-defence system has shot down most of the rockets; only a handful have got through to hit built-up areas. Israeli deaths remain in single digits. Avoiding further escalation depends partly on the system’s success. 「What you’re seeing in the sky is the algorithm,」 explains an engineer involved in tweaking the system the better to identify and intercept the most threatening rockets. 「We』ve been constantly improving the algorithm so it can face a barrage like this.」 Israel is also trying to stop the attacks at source. It has bombed about 200 launching sites, but there are still many more. Separately, it is trying to inflict pain on the militant groups by killing their leaders.
以色列的鐵穹飛彈防禦系統已經擊落了對方大部分的火箭彈，只有一小部分突破了防禦系統，擊中了建築物密集地區。以色列的死亡人數還維持在個位數。此防禦系統的成功是避免死亡人數進一步增加的部分原因。「現在你們在天空中看到的正是此算法」，一位參與改進防禦系統的工程師解釋道，此改進讓系統更加善於識別和攔截最有威脅性的火箭彈，「我們一直在持續改進算法，讓它能適應像這樣的連續炮火。「以色列也在嘗試從源頭上阻止襲擊，它已經炸掉了對方大約200個火箭炮發射點，但是發射點仍然有很多。另外，以色列還試圖通過刺殺哈馬斯的領導來打擊好戰分子。
⑥「The main strategic advantage of Iron Dome is that by significantly reducing Israeli civilian casualties, it allows the political leadership to pause before committing to all-out war,」 says an Israeli general. 「There’s no perfect weapon to prevent all casualties,」 he adds. 「For that you need peace.」 But for now, peace does not seem either side’s favoured option. Israeli leaders have rejected a ceasefire and vowed to strike Hamas hard. The government remains anxious about an invasion of Gaza, though. Close-quarters fighting would favour the militants, and would involve many more casualties on all sides.
「鐵穹系統的主要戰略優勢在於，它顯著降低了以色列的平民傷亡人數，讓領導層能在發起全面戰爭之前考慮是否繼續。「一位以色列將軍說。」沒有武器能完美到保證零傷亡，「他補充到。」只有和平能保證零死傷。「但就現在而言，和平似乎是雙方都不中意的選項。以色列領導層拒絕停火，還發誓要大力攻擊哈馬斯。然而，以色列政府對侵略加沙還仍然保持擔憂態度。因為近距離肉搏不僅會讓好戰分子佔便宜，還會增加各處的傷亡人數。
WHAT BEGAN last month as a dispute over metal barricades in Jerusalem has now, in the surreal logic of the Holy Land, brought Israel and Gaza to the brink of war. Since May 10th Palestinian militants in the territory have fired more than 1,600 rockets at Israel, which in turn has carried out hundreds of air strikes. It is by far the most intense round of warfare since 2014. Israeli bombs have destroyed three tower blocks in Gaza, in operations reportedly aimed at offices of Hamas, the militant Islamist group that controls territory. Hamas and its allies have fired huge barrages of rockets at Tel Aviv and southern Israel. Scores of people, mostly Palestinians, have been killed.
in turn
這個短語表示「反過來，轉而，輪流，依次」。作「反過來」時，如果我們在寫作中要表達前後句之間互相促進的關係，可以用這個短語來連接；作「依次」時，相當於「one by one」
Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. 商業效率反過來又給買家帶來了誘惑。
There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn. 女士們依次發言時，每一位都得到了喝彩。
Scores of
同學們要注意和」a score of「這個短語作區分，本文的這個短語意思是」許多，大量「，可以和」a lot of/numerous/a good deal of」替換。而加了冠詞的短語表示「二十個，或者以...分數」。
WHAT BEGAN last month as a dispute over metal barricades in Jerusalem has now, in the surreal logic of the Holy Land, brought Israel and Gaza to the brink of war.
首先看看裡面有哪些短語值得我們學習借鑑。
to the brink of war
原型為「bring sth. to the brink of....」，字面意思是「使到.邊緣」。實際上這個短語可以用來表達其他意思。比如我們要表達「某事結束、終止「；或者表達」達到某種狀態「；或者」將要發生某事，某個動作要進行「等。
Civilization is on the brink of apocalypse. 文明已瀕臨毀滅的邊緣。（結束）
He was driven to the brink of madness. 他被逼到了瘋狂的邊緣。（狀態）
Scientists are on the brink of making a major new discovery. 科學家很快就會有新的重大發現。（動作）
其次，我們具體分析這句話。句子主幹部分很清晰，即」a dispute has brought Israel and Gaza to the brink of war」。「某個爭論引發巴以雙方兵戎相見」。」last month「是時間狀語，對主語「dispute「發生的時間進行修飾，翻譯的時候按照中文表達習慣放在句首即可。」over metal barricades in Jerusalem「是對」dispute「的內容修飾，這場爭論是關於在耶路撒冷設置的金屬路障。也就是說，這些路障引發了衝突。這句話的難點就在中間的這個插入語」in the surreal logic of the Holy Land」，」Holy Land「當然是指耶路撒冷，問題在於我們該如何理解這個「surreal logic「，」surreal「指」超現實的，離譜的，不真實的」。同學們都知道，作為三教聖地的耶路撒冷向來都是兵家相爭的地方，而尤以「巴以衝突」最為厲害。還要注意一點的是，前面是「last month」，後面用了「now」，所以同學們注意將時間狀態翻譯出來。
「課外補充」
Both sides have threatened more violence, despite calls for the opposite from America, the European Union and Arab countries. Israel moved troops to the border with Gaza and told residents to stay in bomb shelters. Clashes between Arabs and Jews spread across Israel, which imposed a state of emergency in the city of Lod following riots by Israeli Arabs and the killing of an Arab man by a Jewish resident.The United Nations envoy to the Middle East, Tor Wennesland, warned that fighting was 「escalating towards a full-scale war」.bomb shelters
表示「防空洞，避難室」。單獨將「shelter」提出來，作名詞時，這個單詞表示「居所，避難地；作動詞時可以和介詞搭配成短語，如」shelter from...」，等同於「protect from...「，表示」保護...免遭危險「。
full-scale
表示「全面的，完全的，照原尺寸的」，用在這裡說明戰事已經升級，從開始的局部衝突，到現在要開始戰爭的趨勢。
Clashes between Arabs and Jews spread across Israel, which imposed a state of emergency in the city of Lod following riots by Israeli Arabs and the killing of an Arab man by a Jewish resident.
首先來看看單詞和短語，
Imposed
「impose」我們比較熟悉的意思是「推行，把...強加於，表明...觀點」等，和它常搭配的短語有「impose sth. on/upon sb.或者impose yourself on/upon sth./sb.(使別人接受自己的意見）「.
Riots
表示」暴亂，騷動「，加「er」就表示」暴亂者「，同義詞還有」commotion」。另外這裡涉及到詞義辨析。
Rebellion（指以推翻政府或統治者為目的的有組織的武裝反叛）
Revolt（多指針對政府的武裝鬥爭，範圍較小，可以與rebellion換用）
Riot（尤指一群人為抗議某事而引發的騷亂）
Uprising（指某一地區或國家的人為推翻政府、政權而進行的武裝暴動）
然後，我們分析這句話，可能會發現意思都懂，但是在如何處理語序上有點困擾。這句話我們釐清邏輯，大概意思就是說」以色列國內的兩個民族間的鬥爭也愈演愈烈，並舉了洛德市的例子，發生了暴亂（事件），進入緊急狀態（結果）」。
The trouble started, as it so often does, with clashes over a small bit of land, intensified by the religious power of Jerusalem. In this case it was the sunken plaza around the Damascus Gate, one of the ancient entrances to the old walled city (see map on next page). In April, at the start of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, Israel’s police chief decided 「for security reasons」 to fence off the area, a gathering spot for Palestinians. That led to clashes. The move was later reversed, but street battles between young Palestinians and Israeli police culminated in two big incidents in which police entered the area around the al-Aqsa mosque, Islam’s third-holiest site, firing stun-grenades and rubber bullets. Hundreds of people were injured.fence off
「fence」表示「柵欄」，連在一起的字面意思就是」把...用柵欄隔開「，但還抗議表示」把人關起來「的意思，搭配的短語有」fence sb.in,限制某人自由「；」fence with sb. 搪塞，支吾，迴避「；另外還有相關的習語，如」mend (your) fence (with sb.)-與某人修復關係，重歸於好「；」on the other side of the fence（與自己所處情況不同的一面或者事情另一面）「；」sit on the fence-持觀望態度「；」the grass is (always) greener on the other side (of the fence)-這山望著那山高或者指別人的總是好的「。
She fells fenced in by domestic routine. 她感到到日常家務束縛住了。
He tends to sit on the fence at meetings. 開會時他往往持觀望態度。
I’m here to mend my fences with you. 我來這是想和你重歸於好的。
It is necessary for young people to put aside the idea that the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, but try to be a down-to-earth people. 對年輕人來說，他們應該摒棄」這山望著那山高「的態度，而是成為一名腳踏實地的人。
culminated in
」culminate「表示」達到頂點「，後面跟介詞「in」有「以.告終」的意思，所以如果同學們在寫作時想要表達這個意思，可以用用這個詞。
寫作建議
to the brink of war
fence off
On May 10th thousands of Jewish nationalists added to the febrile atmosphere by marching, as they do every year, on 「Jerusalem Day」—a holiday marking Israel’s capture of East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza inthe six-day war in 1967. This year, at least, Binyamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, ordered a last-minute change to the route, away from the Damascus Gate. That angered the marchers, but just as they were gathering at the roadblock preventing their progress to the gate, Hamas launched its rockets, setting off air-raid sirens and forcing them to disperse.Febrile
狂熱的，來自拉丁語febris, 發熱，狂熱，詞源同fever. 字母b脫落。描述緊張，狂熱的氛圍可以用A febrile atmosphere.
marchers
遊行示威者，a member of a group of people that are walking somewhere in order to express their ideas or protest about something ,來看兩個例句：
air-raid
首先來看raid，它是指突然襲擊,a short surprise attack on an enemy by soldiers, ships or aircraft.那麼air-raid就是空襲的意思了。Air-raid siren是空襲警報
在柯林斯英漢雙語詞典的詞語’trend』中，可以看到空襲的詞頻變化在1940年左右達到峰值，而此時正值第二次世界大戰期間。
disperse
分散﹔驅散，if a group of people disperse or are dispersed, they go away in different directions。來看幾個例句：
下面插播一條詞彙辨析：
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
這組詞都有「使分散、使散開」的意思，其區別是：
scatter: 普通用詞，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四處散開，或把物隨意撒開。
diffuse: 指光線、聲音或氣味等在空中傳送或散布，強調覆蓋面積與物質分布相對密度之間的關係。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，側重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等徹底驅散。
Iron Dome
Dome是穹頂的意思，a round roof with a circular base，像教堂，體育館的圓頂就是dome。Iron dome就是鐵穹。據百科解釋，它是為一套全天候、機動型防空系統，由以色列拉斐爾國防系統公司研發，主要用於攔截5至70公裡內的火箭彈。
built-up
建築物密集的（地區），a built-up area has a lot of buildings and not many open spaces。例句：
在建築密集區域，車速限制為每小時30英裡。
tweaking
扭，擰，扯，微調；根據詞源學，它來自古英語twiccian,拔，拉，來自 Proto-Germanic*twikkijana,釘，掐，系牢，繫緊，詞源同twitch.
在這裡是指微調機器，系統等，微微改進。to make small changes to a machine, vehicle, or system in order to improve the way it works.
原文中就是指微調鐵穹系統讓它更加善於識別和攔截最有威脅性的火箭彈。
intercept
阻截，攔截。inter-,在內，在中間，相互，-cept,拿，握，詞源同capable, capture.引申詞義阻截，攔截。攔截毒品入境，就可以說intercept drugs being smuggled over the border，攔截騷擾電話也可以說intercept phone calls.這個詞有兩個詞性，形容詞和名詞。形容詞表示的是好鬥的，激進的，名詞就是激進分子的意思。像激進的政治活動家就是militant political activists，激進團體就是militantgroups.
來看一個例句：
「The main strategic advantage of Iron Dome is that by significantly reducing Israeli civilian casualties, it allows the political leadership to pause before committing to all-out war,」 says an Israeli general. 「There’s no perfect weapon to prevent all casualties,」 he adds. 「For that you need peace.」 But for now, peace does not seem either side’s favoured option. Israeli leaders have rejected a ceasefire and vowed to strike Hamas hard. The government remains anxious about an invasion of Gaza, though. Close-quarters fighting would favour the militants, and would involve many more casualties on all sides.Casualties
傷亡人員；受害人，犧牲品
從詞源學分析：-cas- 降臨,發生 + -ual 形容詞詞尾 + -ty 名詞詞尾
詞義辨異：the injured 指事故中的受傷者; the wounded 指戰爭中的傷員;casualties 指傷亡人員,無論事故,戰爭或自然災害都適用。要注意的是，casualty 是「死或傷的人」，如「兩死三傷」是five casualties。例句：
文中的civilian casualties就是平民傷亡人數，與之對應的是軍人傷亡。
all-out
全面的，毫無保留地，在這裡指的是全面戰爭，與前文中的full-scale對應。例句：
an all-outattack on the opposition 向對方的全面進攻
We're going allout to win. 我們竭盡全力爭取勝利。
Canada will haveto go all out on the ice if they want to win.如果加拿大隊想贏﹐就必須在冰場上全力以赴。
Close-quarters
近距離地，在這裡指的就是肉搏。
在朗文活用詞典中的解釋中，if you see or experience something at close quarters, oftensomething dangerous or frightening, you are closer to it than usual, especiallyso that you can see it clearly:
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2021.05.22
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