本期精讀選自The Economist關於英國移民的文章How post-Brexit immigration rules will exclude key workers
當年推動英國脫歐的一個原因是公眾希望藉此限制移民數量,英國內政大臣普裡蒂·帕特爾也希望通過提高準入門檻來減少移民。但這些移民從事的往往是基礎而關鍵的工作——比如養老院護工,而疫情的爆發也讓人們看到了這些移民的不可或缺性。
小標題中fall foul of是一個固定搭配,意思是「觸犯……;與……發生麻煩」,Many of the people whom Britain celebrates as 「heroes」 would fall foul of tighter regulations 即:被英國譽為「英雄」的人當中,有很多將會觸犯更為嚴格移民法規。下面是關於文章的詳細分析:
首段以一名移民的例子來說明新的移民法案可能會產生的影響。
「Care work isn’t just bum wiping,」 insists Karolina Gerlich. In the 12 years since she swapped her native Poland for Britain, aged 18, she has learnt that it involves being a 「PA, a nurse, a therapist, an occupational therapist, a dietician and a friend」.
卡羅琳娜堅稱:「護理工作並不只是擦屁股」。她18歲那年從故鄉波蘭移民到英國,在此之後的12年裡她了解到護理工作包括成為一名「私人助理、護士、治療師、職業治療師、營養師以及朋友」。
開頭第一句引用人物的話可以迅速抓住讀者眼球,吸引他們讀下去。要表達「一個人從A國家移民到B國家」,除了可以說:somebody emigrates from A to B,還可以使用文中的說法:somebody swaps his/her native A for B
PA在英式英語裡面是Personal Assistant的縮寫。
She now runs a charity supporting other carers, while working as one herself. Yet under post-Brexit immigration rules due to take effect in January, a similar applicant would be turned down for a visa, since the job is classed as low-skilled.
她現在自己管理一家對其他護理人員提供支持的慈善機構,同時,她自己也是一名護理人員。然而,根據將於1月份生效的英國脫歐後移民規定,跟她類似的申請人將被拒絕籤證,因為該工作被歸類為低技能工作。
「I feel disrespected, offended and like my contribution to the economy and to the country has not been recognised at all.」
「我感到自己不受尊重,被冒犯到,而且我覺得我對這個國家以及經濟的貢獻根本沒有得到承認。」
第二段說明了英國內政大臣所處的尷尬處境。
The timing of the covid-19 pandemic puts Priti Patel, the hardline home secretary, in an awkward spot.
新冠病毒流行的時間讓強硬派內政大臣普裡蒂·帕特爾處於一個尷尬境地。
Something puts somebody in an awkward spot是一個固定搭配,意思是「某事讓某人處於一個尷尬的境況」,比如我們可以說:The covid-19 pandemic has put Donald Trump, who claimed to know the virus better than anyone else, in an awkward spot.
意思類似的還有一個表達:something places/puts somebody in a dilemma
Recognising that Britain’s vote to leave the EU in 2016 was in part down toa desire to curb immigration, she plans to end freedom of movement from the bloc and apply the same salary threshold (25,600, or $31,200, for most) and skills requirement to prospective migrants wherever they come from.
她意識到英國2016年脫歐公投的一部分原因是希望減少移民,因此她計劃終止歐盟國家人口自由遷徙到英國的權利,並對潛在移民採用相同的工資門檻和技能要求(不管這些移民來自哪裡),大多數工作的工資門檻是25600英鎊,或31200美元。
在原因/結果類話題中,可以用 XX is down to somebody/something來表達「XX由某人/某事引起」,比如「他的成功全靠努力工作」,可以說:All his success is down to hard work.
Bloc意思是「集團,陣營」(a group of countries or people that have similar political interests),從語境中可以知道這裡the bloc是指之前和英國處於一個陣營的歐盟。
Yet many of the incomers such a policy would rule out—including care-home workers—are those classified by the government as the pandemic’s 「key workers」.
然而,這項政策會把很多新移民排除在外,而這些被排除的移民中(包括養老院工作人員),很多被政府歸類為疫情期間的「關鍵工人」。
Incomer 意思是「新來的人;移民」(someone who comes to live in a place),不能理解為「收入者」。
第三段引用牛津大學的研究數據來說明移民新規的不合理之處。
A paper by researchers at Oxford University, in the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, published on May 14th, finds that nearly one in five of those working in essential care-related occupations are immigrants.
牛津大學研究人員5月14日發表在《牛津經濟政策評論》上的一篇論文指出,從事與護理相關的關鍵崗位中有近五分之一是移民。
In all, a little more than half of EU migrants now classed as key workers would not have qualified for a work visa under the new dispensation.
在這些移民裡面,如果按照新的制度,那些現在被歸類為關鍵工人的歐盟移民中會有略多於一半的人一開始就達不到申請工作籤證的要求。
Using a different definition of key worker (the category is blurry), the Institute for Public Policy Research, a think-tank, finds that 71% of such migrants would have been excluded.
智庫「公共政策研究所」使用了不同標準來定義「關鍵工人」(「關鍵工人」的分類標準很模糊),它發現在新的標準下那些歐盟移民中有71%一開始就會被排除在外。
第四段介紹了疫情對勞動力市場以及移民流入的影響。
In one sense, the pandemic takes the pressure off. A deep recession should limit the need to import low-paid workers, since there will be a large pool of unemployed domestic labour.
從某種意義上來說,疫情減輕了移民帶來的壓力。嚴重的經濟衰退應該會降低引進低薪工人的需求,因為國內將會有大量的失業勞動力。
In one sense/in a sense是一個固定搭配,意思是「從某種意義上來說」,相當於in one way,例如:My family's from this area, so in a sense it’s like coming home.
Yet farms are flying in workers from Romania, suggesting that Britons on their uppersmight hesitate before taking back-breaking or low-paid jobs.
然而,英國的農場正在用飛機將羅馬尼亞的工人接過來,這說明手頭拮据的英國人可能對從事繁重或低薪工作感到猶豫。
Be on your uppers是一個英式表達,意思是「手頭拮据」(to have very little money);要形容工作繁重可以說back-breaking work,例如:Digging the garden was backbreaking work. 給花園鬆土是極費氣力的。
結尾段介紹了公眾對移民的態度。
The political argument for a restrictive regimeis weakening. Voters were warming to immigration even before they voted to leave the EU and thereby restrict it.
關於實行嚴格移民制度的政治爭論正在減弱。即使是在投票脫歐以限制移民之前,選民們對於移民的態度也已經逐漸變得緩和。
Regime在這裡指的是「制度,體系」(a method or system of organizing or managing something),比如英文中有一個常見說法the tax regime,意思即「稅收管理體系」。
The scandal in 2018 over the government’s shoddy treatment of the Windrush generationof Caribbean migrants illustrated that, if the public senses injustice, crackdowns can prove as politically perilous as liberal approaches.
政府在2018年對於加勒比海地區移民中的「疾風世代」進行了不公對待,該醜聞揭示了一個道理:如果民眾覺察到了不公,那麼對移民的鎮壓可能會像開明的移民政策一樣在政治上頗具風險。
the Windrush generation(疾風世代)這一稱呼源於英國一艘客輪名字「帝國疾風號」(MV Empire Windrush)。二戰後,英國為了緩解勞工短缺問題,從加勒比海地區引進了一些移民,這些移民及其後代就被成為the Windrush generation。英國政府在2018年曾聲稱要驅逐當年這批「非法移民」,此事也引發了醜聞。
上面節選句子中第二句有點不太好理解,…crackdowns can prove as politically perilous as liberal approaches,其中liberal approaches在語境中是指「開明的移民政策」。從脫歐的背景可以知道,民眾希望政府收緊移民政策,但是移民政策如果太嚴格(以至出現了驅逐「疾風世代」的醜聞),民眾也是無法接受的。因此作者才說這兩種方法都有政治風險。同時,這句話也出現了省略,還原後是…crackdowns can prove as politically perilous as liberal approaches (can prove politically perilous)
A survey in March by Ipsos mori, a pollster, found that the overwhelming majority of voters want the number of migrants coming to Britain to work in care homes to stay the same or rise.
民意調查機構益普索3月份進行的一項調查顯示,絕大多數選民希望來英國養老院工作的移民人數保持不變或有所上升。
Since the pandemic and its associated recession will significantly reduce overall immigration anyway, Ms Patel can afford to be a little more generous.
既然疫情及其引發的經濟衰退無論如何都會大大減少總體的移民數量,帕特爾女士在對待移民問題上可以做得更加大方一點。