今天來說一說Cargo holds cleaning。
首先需要說明的是清艙是船東的責任。能否通過驗艙也是船東的責任，除非是做time charter裡面的中間航次（當然一切都要看CharterParty Clause）。大部分的time charter會規定中間航次的掃艙責任，比如下面的BIMCO關於中間掃艙的條款，船東就不必負責過驗艙，所有掃艙需要的化學品也會由租家去承擔。
HOLD CLEANING/RESIDUEDISPOSAL CLAUSE FOR TIME CHARTER PARTIES 2013
(a) The Charterers may request the Owners to direct the crew to sweep and/or wash and/or clean the holds between voyages and/or between cargoes against payment at the rate of ……. per hold, provided the crew is able safely to undertake such work and is allowed to do so by local regulations. In connection with any such operation the Owners shall not be responsible if the Vessel's holds are not accepted or passed. Time for cleaning shall be for the Charterers』 account.
(b) All cleaning agents and additives (including chemicals and detergents) required for cleaningcargo holds shall be supplied and paid for by the Charterers. The Charterers shall provide the Owners with a dated and signed statement identifying cleaning agents and additives that, in accordance with IMO Resolution 219(63) Guidelines for the Implementation of MARPOL Annex V, are not substances harmful to the marine environment and do not contain any component known to be carcinogenic,mutagenic or reprotoxic.
(c) Throughout the currency of this Charter Party and at redelivery, the Charterers shall remain responsible for all costs and time, including deviation, if any, associated with the removal and disposal of cargo related residues and/or hold washing water and/or cleaning agents and detergents and/or waste . Removal and disposalas aforesaid shall always be in accordance with and as defined by MARPOL AnnexV, or other applicable rules.
說到這裡要highlight一下在定下一航次時對貨艙的要求：
1. 一定要考慮到下一載貨對貨艙有什麼樣的要求，清潔貨還是髒貨；
2. 現在船上的貨卸完之後，有沒有足夠的時間清艙，並保證在裝下一載貨之前ready to load the intent cargo；
3. 如果上一載是髒貨，比如Petcoke，下一載貨是對驗艙有很高要求的清潔貨，比如grains, alumina，還要考慮即使有時間做大艙，也會有很高的風險fail holds inspection；
如果裝清潔貨，一般租家都會要求船東提供last 3 or last 5 cargoes，還會要求船東提供 photos to show the holds』 condition。現在好多Operator都是拿的COA，他們會更緊張船能否pass holds inspection，因為他們對他們的合同方，比如shippers，負有責任提供一條大艙狀況好適合裝貨的船。如果fail holds inspection，可能分分鐘Shippers就不會再給貨了。話說回來，如果failed holds inspection，讓船東頭疼的事情就來了，一般船會被強制離泊去錨地繼續做大艙。會被off-hire不說（天經地義的嘛），船員如果無法清潔到surveyor滿意的程度，還得叫岸上的清理公司幫忙清艙，這一來一回費用就多了去了。被off-hire的租金和油耗損失、船移泊的費用shiftingcost + pilotage+anchorage dues if any、launch boat等交通費用、shore labor的費用、PNI surveyor費用、代理的coordination/agencyfee等等，都會算在船東頭上。以後有機會再講講這些細節的東西。
籠統的講cargo holds cleaning的步驟大概分下面幾步，不同貨物會有不同的特殊要求：
1. clean/sweep/pick up residues – 就是要把上一載剩下的貨渣都清理乾淨；
2. Sea water wash holds – 用海水洗一遍（因為海水不花錢）；
3. Sea water wash hatch covers, main deck and decks around holds etc – 總之還得還把甲板什麼也得衝乾淨；
4. Chemical wash if necessary – 化學品挺貴的，要省著用，好鋼用在刀刃上嘛。裝完iron ore再裝coal就絕對沒有必要用化學品了。裝什麼貨物之後大艙需要用化學品清洗這個以後再講，主要是那些有油的貨物需要apply chemical；
5. Fresh water wash – 用淡水洗。這一步對裝鋼材尤其重要，具體以後再表。
6. Pick up/disposeremaining cargo – 衝衝洗洗之後可能還有貨渣要清理掉；
7. Clean and dry upbilges – 清理艙底汙水管；
8. Fit burlap on bilgecovers；
9. Spot check/derust loose paint – 除鏽很重要，也是經常裝清潔貨大艙日常保養的一部分；
10. Spot touch up and paint as required – 補油、刷漆（這跟平時補妝差不多嘛）；
11. Final check beforearrival – 整體檢查。
有經驗的船長懂得如何去安排清艙，並會十分配合。有時候遇到短航次，留給船員清艙的時候可能只有一兩天，又要清洗又要排汙水又要晾乾貨艙，甲板船員的錢也都是血汗錢啊！市場不好，有貨裝就好，裝完清潔貨接著裝髒貨然後又是清潔貨，船員們的內心也是……
總之，作為小船的操作，monitor cargo holds cleaning至關重要（如果是做capesize的除了iron ore就是coal，那就沒必要去monitor了）。
各種貨物對貨艙的要求，以後有機會再說。
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