美國費城Dilworth公園景觀設計 | OLIN

「Dilworth公園的重建項目對1960年代的下沉式景觀進行了抬升和重組，使其成為一個更加實用、公平且可持續的公共空間，並通過市政廳的民主長廊，將三個主要的交通網絡連接為一個統一且多層次的節點。佔地4英畝的公園三面被繁華的大街所環繞，平時可作為市中心上班族的休息場所，周末則成為遊客們聚會和娛樂的空間。從場地中收集的雨水可用於公園邊緣綠化帶的澆灌和季節性的噴泉景觀，後者在冬季時將轉變為公共溜冰場。簡潔的玻璃入口亭為公園下方複雜的交通樞紐提供了路徑和光照，提示著人們即將進入他們引以為豪的城市中心。」

– 2020年評審委員會

^{「Philadelphia’s reinvention of Dilworth Park elevates and untangles a 1960s-era sunken hardscape into a more usable, sustainable, and equitable public space— appropriate as the democratic front porch of City Hall—that links three major transit networks into a single, multilayered node. Spanning four acres, yet wrapped on three sides by busy thoroughfares, the park succeeds in offering workday respite for downtown commuters as well as a central gathering and recreation space for weekend visitors. On-site rainwater collection irrigates refreshed park boundary greenery and serves a programmed seasonal fountain that becomes a public ice rink in winter. Unpretentious glass entry pavilions offer access and daylight to the complex transit hub beneath the street-level park and mark the entry to a city center its people are proud tore-occupy.」}

^{– 2020 Awards Jury}

項目概述

^{PROJECT STATEMENT}

位於費城市政廳的Dilworth公園生動地體現了威廉·潘恩將費城打造為「綠色首府」 的願景。如今的Dilworth公園已經成為費城戶外生活的一個包容性的中心，但在幾十年前，這裡還是一個非常缺乏吸引力的場地：高低不一的平臺、隱蔽的過道和被棄置的噴泉，周圍棲生著陰鬱而缺乏活力的樹木，給人以封閉和混亂的感覺。針對這一狀況，本次的改造項目旨在從物理和精神兩個方面提升公園的顯著性，通過將場地整體向街道層抬升來實現無障礙的公共設施，同時藉助各種各樣的功能計劃來鼓勵公園的全天使用。公園的全部設施，包括寬闊的草坪、互動噴泉、咖啡廳以及綠蔭下的休息空間，均被建造在費城多模式的交通系統節點之上，成為連通費城各個街區的門戶。同時，佔地2.5英畝的綠色「屋頂」也在城市中創造了一個四季皆宜的公共休閒場所。

^{Dilworth Park at Philadelphia’s City Hall is a lively and contemporary embodiment of William Penn’s vision for Philadelphia as a 『Green Country Town.』 Today the park is an inclusive hub of Philadelphia’s life outdoors but for decades this was not the case. Prior to renovation Dilworth was an uninviting and inaccessible maze of raised and sunken terraces, hidden passageways, and defunct fountains surrounded by gloomy malnourished trees. The opportunity for change raised the park, both physically and metaphorically, to the prominence of its location at the foot of Philadelphia’s City Hall. The new park provides universal accessibility by bringing the entire site to street level, and encourages use throughout the day with a variety of programming. The entire park, with its generous lawn, interactive fountain, café, and ample seating amidst green groves of native plantings, are all built atop the nexus of Philadelphia’s multi-modal transit system and acts as a connective gateway to all of Philly’s neighborhoods. The park functions as a 2.5-acre green roof, creating a welcome all-season spot for relaxation and public recreation.}

^{▲Dilworth公園：在將整個場地恢復至街道層之後，設計團隊在其中置入了公交通道、咖啡廳、草坪和一個動態噴泉。植物界定出活動場地，同時有助於降低來自街道的噪音。Dilworth Park: After restoring the site to street level, the team incorporated new transit gateways, a café, a lawn, and a flexible plaza with a dynamic scrim fountain into the park. Plantings frame the activity and help buffer street noise. ©James Ewing / OTTO}

項目說明

^{PROJECT NARRATIVE}

Dilworth公園的改造項目是提高費城市民生活質量和街道環境的一項重要舉措。儘管公園擁有2.5英畝的面積，且同時處於市政廳腳下、費城交通樞紐之上的有利位置，但對於費城市民而言，這裡仍然是一個讓人避而遠之的地方。建造於1970年代的廣場和下方的公交大廳形成了一個由眾多樓梯構成的「迷宮」，不僅缺少坡道和電梯，還由於空間的過度劃分而阻斷了與街道和下方交通走廊的連接。此外，加上長期的維護不足，經由廣場通勤的人越來越少，場地內的家具設施也逐漸毀壞，噴泉無法再使用，樹木也遭到了蟲害侵蝕。

^{The redesign of Dilworth Park was conceived as a strategic initiative to improve the civic life and pedestrian environment of downtown Philadelphia. Despite its 2.5-acre size and prominent location at the foot of City Hall and atop the nexus of Philadelphia’s public transit system, the plaza was one that many Philadelphians avoided. Built in the 1970s, the plaza and transit concourse below formed a maze of numerous stairs, lacked ramps or elevators, and was subdivided in ways that prevented clear sitelines to the street or the transit corridor below. Additionally, the space had suffered from years of deferred maintenance leading to decreased transit use, crumbling site furnishings, graffiti, non-functioning fountains, and an uneven canopy of overgrown and diseased trees.}

^{▲場地平面圖：公園曾經是一個由眾多樓梯、隔牆以及長滿雜草的下沉庭院構成的「迷宮」。在經過改造之後，這裡如今成為了一個統一且暢行無阻的公園，在費城市政廳的前方形成一道歡迎的「前廊」。Site Plan: Once a disorienting and inaccessible maze of stairs, walls, overgrown vegetation and sunken coutyards, Dilworth Park is now a unified, wholly accessible public park—a welcoming 「front porch」 to Philadelphia’s City Hall. ©OLIN}

廣場的恢復和振新勢在必行。既有的場地不僅應當重新發揮其作為交通樞紐的功能，每天為7萬名用戶提供安全便利的交通設施，同時還應充分發揮其位置上的優勢，被重塑為一個活躍的公共空間，成為城市真正的心臟。事實上，威廉·潘恩在最初規劃費城的時候便提出了類似的設想：在城市各處設置五個主要的公共廣場。該項目場地即是當時的「中央廣場」，亦是城市中第一座蒸汽驅動的供水廠以及第一座公共噴泉所在的位置。承載著過去的一系列願景，廣場在今天以Dilworth公園的身份重獲新生，它標誌著城市在經濟、生活和交通上的積極轉變，成為了一個向所有人開放的親切場地。

^{The urgency to revitalize the long-neglected plaza was clear. The site not only needed to be a safe and accessible hub for 70,000 daily transit users, but its location meant that it also had the potential to be reinvented as a vibrant and vital civic space, the true heart of the city. William Penn envisioned this when he originally planned Philadelphia with five main public squares distributed throughout the city. This site, known then as Centre Square, served as the location for the city’s innovative steam-driven waterworks and first public fountain. The vision for the revitalized plaza, now fittingly rebranded as Dilworth Park, emerged at the confluence of these needs and ideals: a celebration of the civic enterprise, life, movement, and evolution of the city as a welcoming place for all.}

^{▲費城的中央廣場：Dilworth公園的改造為城市帶來了不可磨滅的影響，同時又與既有的城市結構和諧相融，就像是費城自始以來的一部分。Philadelphia’s Centre Square: The transformation of Dilworth Park has left an indelible impact on the city, and at once feels like it has always been a part of the urban fabric—a place that is undeniably Philadelphian. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

作為費城最重要的市民空間之一，未來新公園空間的建造需要聽取來自市民、公民組織、市政府和州政府機構的各方意見。項目願景的重點是創造一個通達而民主的空間，使其既能夠與費城市政廳的歷史特徵相適應，又不至於與其形成競爭的關係。此外，新公園也需要足夠的財政支持以保證全年的運作和穩定的維護，這為經歷過2008年經濟大衰退的費城提出了更大的挑戰。最終，費城的商業區協進會（Business Improvement Districts）之一被選為重建工作的領導者。項目方首先與市政府籤訂了長期租賃管理協議，以確定資金來源並協調跨部門會議和審批之間的複雜關係。多方協作和綜合的設計過程是該項目獲得成功的關鍵。由客戶組建的項目團隊包含了景觀設計師、建築師、噴泉和照明設計師、結構、機械和土木工程師以及一位國際知名的藝術家，旨在共同達成重建公園的宏大願景。合作的過程並不局限於來自顧問團隊的專業知識；廣泛的公眾參與對整體設計起到了根本性的作用：在項目進行的6年時間裡，一共舉辦了近60次公共參與會議。一個標誌性的事件是，項目團隊在市政廳舉辦了一次公共展覽，聚焦於場地歷史及其在費城社會和經濟發展歷程中的地位。

^{As one of the most significant civic spaces in Philadelphia, the public, civic organizations, and city and state agencies needed a voice in the future of the new park space. The vision that arose focused on the need to create an accessible, democratic space that could live up to the historic character of Philadelphia City Hall without competing with it. The new park would also require financial support to provide activities and robust maintenance throughout the year. This was made more challenging as Philadelphia endured the Great Recession of 2008. Ultimately, one of the city’s Business Improvement Districts was selected to lead the redevelopment. The project began by developing a long-term lease management agreement with the city, identifying funding sources, and coordinating a complex web of interagency meetings and approvals. Collaboration and an integrated design process was essential for the success of this project. The client assembled a team of landscape architects, architects, fountain and lighting designers, structural, civil, and mechanical engineers, and even an internationally acclaimed artist to realize the public ambitions of the park. The collaboration process was not limited to the expertise of consultants; an extensive public engagement process helped to fundamentally shape the design, with nearly 60 public engagement meetings held over the project’s six-year duration. A hallmark of this effort was a public exhibition at City Hall designed by the team, which followed the history of the site and its place in the history of Philadelphia’s social and economic life.}

^{▲聚會場所：公園在尺度和功能上實現了巧妙的平衡，創造出舒適的、能夠同時適應於大型聚會和個人及小型活動的場地。A Meeting Place: The park deftly balances scale and function, creating comfortable areas not just for large gatherings but also for individuals and small groups. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

Dilworth公園的設計看上去十分簡單，但實際上它充分地考慮到了人體的各種需求和尺度，在營造安全的環境以及靈活的空間同時，還使公園在人多和人少時都能夠展現出特有的魅力。新的公園不僅要具備活力與靈活性，還要保證不與市政廳的莊嚴立面相衝突。另外，由於公園本身將成為覆蓋下方交通系統的「屋頂」，技術工程便成為了項目中的另一個重中之重。在場地中的許多位置，噴泉、鋪裝和綠植元素需要被壓縮在厚度僅3英尺（約0.91米）或更薄的結構板內。

^{The design of Dilworth Park is deceptively simple, but it is shaped by the difficulties of understanding human needs and scale for physical comfort, secure surroundings and the design of flexible space that does not lose its charm when hosting a crowd or during quite moments when only occupied by a few. The new park needed to be vibrant and flexible without competing with the sculpted façade of City Hall. The technical engineering was another considerable feat, given that the park that is the 『roof』 of the transit system below. In many places the requirements for the fountain, paving, and planting needed to be sandwiched within a structural slab depth of a mere three feet or less.}

^{▲多層次的設計：公園的設計非常簡單，但其下方卻隱藏著一個非常複雜的基礎交通網絡。設計結合了多個新的入口，創造出更加安全和方便的通行體驗。A Design with Layers: The park’s design is deceptively simple, yet an intricate network of transit infrastructure sits just below the site. The design incorporates multiple new access points, creating a safer and more accessible transit experience. ©James Ewing / OTTO}

公園的設計有意地保持在水平層面，除了一對造型優雅的涼亭在場地中緩緩下降，為下方熙熙攘攘的交通大廳帶來了自然的光線和空氣。公園的邊緣環繞著樹林和抬升於地面的花壇，將公園與周圍的交通相隔開，同時為繁忙的城市街道提供了蔭蔽。植被的形式和布局能夠幫助在街道和公園之間建立平緩的過渡，在場地邊緣形成親切的入口空間和舒適的座位。

^{The design is intentionally horizontal, with the exception of the pair of gracious arcing pavilions that descend to the transit concourse below and draw natural light and air to the bustling transit concourse. Along the edges, groves of trees and raised planting beds wrap the park, separating it from the surrounding traffic and providing shade and sanctuary from the bustling city streets. The form and location of these planted retreats help to navigate the gently sloping grade change between the street and park, while providing a welcoming entry and ample, comfortable seating integrated along the edges.}

^{▲屬於所有人的空間：廣場既有的下沉區域被提升至街道層，並拆除了周邊的障礙物。設計營造了100%暢行無阻的空間，為公園及其周圍的遊客提供了便利的交通。A Welcoming Space for All: By raising the plaza’s formerly sunken areas to street level and removing barriers at the perimeter, the design is 100% ADA accessible, improving circulation for all visitors to the park and the surrounding urban fabric. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

^{▲公共運輸的顯著改善：新建的玻璃涼亭和四部電梯為在公園附近（10分鐘步行距離）工作的近15萬名專業人士提供了邊界的通勤路徑。A Celebration of Public Transit: The addition of transparent glass pavilions and four elevators provide an effortless commute for the nearly 150,000 professionals that work within a ten-minute walk of the park. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

在將整個場地恢復至街道層之後，設計團隊在其中置入了各種類型的空間，包括公交通道、咖啡廳、草坪和一個帶有動態網格噴泉的靈活廣場。優雅的樹木和灌木界定出活動場地，同時有助於降低來自街道的噪音。為了建立四季皆宜的景觀，團隊選擇種植了能夠反映中大西洋生態區特徵的本地植物：在4月至5月開花的鼠刺和莢蓮、夏季開花的山月桂和走馬藤、秋季變成金黃色和紅色的槐樹和楓樹、橡樹葉繡球和紅枝山茱萸，以及在冬季依然能夠保持姿態的黍屬植物和紫色畫眉草。為了減少徑流並達到費城嚴格的綠色基礎設施標準，場地中的雨水將被捕捉並引流至遍布整個公園的雨水收集和過濾系統當中。加上種植區，公館的雨水系統可減少38%的非滲透地表面積。

^{After restoring the entire site to street level, the design team incorporated a variety of spaces: transit gateways, a café, a lawn, and a flexible plaza animated by a dynamic scrim fountain. Elegant plantings of trees and shrubs frame the activity and help buffer street noise. To foster year-round interest, the team selected plantings reflective of the native plant communities of the Mid-Atlantic ecoregion: sweetspire and viburnums with their early blooms in April and May, summer blooms of mountain laurel and false spirea, and autumnal golds and reds of locust and maple trees, oakleaf hydrangeas, and red twig dogwood stems. During winter the panicum and purple love grass hold their structure in dormancy. To reduce runoff and meet Philadelphia’s stringent green infrastructure requirements, rainwater is captured and diverted to a stormwater catchment and filtration system integrated throughout the park. Along with the planted areas, the stormwater system of the park has reduced the amount of impervious surface area by 38%.}

^{▲費城市區裡的綠洲：公園的邊緣遍布著茂盛的本地植物和適生物種，在迎接遊客的同時帶來四季皆宜的風景。An Oasis in Downtown Philly: Lush plantings of native and adaptive species greet visitors at every edge of the park, providing seasonal interest year-round. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

^{▲可持續性：在增加了近半英畝的綠化帶和三分之一英畝的透水鋪裝之後，Dilworth 公園現在的透水率超過了50%。雨水將通過地下蓄水池得到收集、過濾和再利用。Sustainability in Mind: With the addition of nearly half an acre of green space and a third of an acre of permeable paving, Dilworth Park is now over 50% pervious, allowing for stormwater to be collected, filtered, and re-used via a cistern belowground. ©James Ewing / OTTO}

在白天，Dilworth公園為通勤者提供了秩序井然的通道，成為城市上班族們的天堂，並為市民和來自地下公共運輸樞紐的乘客提供了一處公共場地。公園不僅可以適應日常使用和大型活動，最重要的是，它還是一個令人舒適和放鬆的空間，遊客們可以在這裡休息，父母可以帶著他們的孩子來這裡玩耍，工人們在此享用午餐，整個城市因此凝聚在一起。團隊在完成最終設計之前曾經測試了無數種場景，最終決定在南面種植草坪、在北面建造咖啡廳，然後在廣場中央設置可以編程的戲幕噴泉。

^{Through the day, Dilworth Park functions as an organized thoroughfare for commuters, a haven for city employees, and common ground for citizens and visitors arriving via public transit below; comfortable for both daily use and large events. Most importantly, it is a place of respite where tourists can rest, families can bring their kids, workers can enjoy lunch, and the city can come together. The team tested myriad scenarios before achieving the final design: a lawn to the south and a café to the north, anchored in the center by a plaza and programmable scrim fountain.}

^{▲戲幕噴泉：Dilworth公園的噴泉很快便成為了最受歡迎的夏日遊玩地之一，這裡同樣也是費城市民平日裡的集會場地。The Scrim Fountain: Dilworth’s fountain has quickly become one of the most popular summertime hangouts and a common meeting ground for Philadelphians. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

南面的草坪緩緩傾斜，在最南端與優雅的石砌長椅融為一體。在春季和夏季，草坪上將開展各種活動，包括野餐、日光浴、健身課和音樂會等；冬季，草坪將變成一個花園裝置。北面的樹林間點綴著彩色的可移動桌椅，旁邊的咖啡廳與通往交通樞紐的主樓梯無縫銜接，成為通勤者們的固定落腳點，同時也為整個城市的遊客提供了溫馨的休息場所。

^{The south lawn is gently sloped, bordered at its south end by an elegant stone bench that gently rises from the lawn to seat-level. In the spring and summer, the lawn hosts a variety of programming: picnics, sunbathing, fitness classes and concerts; in the winter, it transforms into a wintergarden installation. On the north side, a grove of trees is interspersed with vibrantly colored, moveable tables and chairs that spill out from the café pavilion, a structure seamlessly connected with the main stairway to the transit concourse. This makes the café a regular stop for commuters and a welcome resting spot for travelers throughout the city.}

^{▲市區生活的中心：作為連接費城市區通勤者、居民和遊客的核心樞紐，公園為各種類型的鄰裡活動提供了理想場所，包括市場、表演、校內體育活動和健身課程等。A Nucleus of Downtown Life: As the central hub of Philadelphia’s downtown, connecting commuters, residents, and visitors alike, the park is an ideal location for a myriad of neighborhood activities, from markets and performances to intramural sports and fitness classes. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

^{▲綠意盎然的體驗：茂盛的灌木和草本植物與輕盈的樹冠相結合，環繞著公園的集會區域，為所有的步行者們帶來舒適的體驗。A Lush Experience: An artful combination of lush shrubs and herbaceous plantings and lightly shading tree canopy frame the gathering areas within and make Dilworth Park comfortable for all pedestrians. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

噴泉被有意地設置在場地上最開闊的部分。在通勤時段，噴水板與場地的其他區域保持齊平，輕輕地冒出氣泡，描繪出公園中的人流走向、掩蓋了噪音並反映出周圍的建築。團隊為噴泉設計了更具活力的日間展示效果，並與藝術家合作，在噴泉中結合了一條「光帶」，通過夜間迷人的水霧效果喚起人們對費城工業歷史的記憶。這一引人入勝的多感官展示使噴泉成為了歡度親子時光的熱門景點，夏天裡，孩子們尤其喜歡追逐噴泉舞動的水流。舉辦活動時，噴泉可以迅速排乾以容納人群；冬天，噴泉可以轉換為滑冰場，咖啡廳將提供熱飲和滑冰鞋租賃。如今，在Dilworth公園滑冰已經成為城市中最受歡迎的季節性活動之一。

^{The fountain was purposely scaled to encompass the largest portion of the site. During commuting hours, the panels of jets, all flush with the rest of the site, bubble gently to delineate circulation through the park, mask traffic noise and reflect the surrounding architecture. The team choreographed a more energetic display to take place during the day. Working with an artist the team integrated an illuminated ribbon within the fountain evoking the industrial history of Philadelphia in an engaging display of mist which is particularly evocative in the evenings. This engaging multi-sensory display has become a popular summertime attraction for families with young children, who delight in chasing the dancing jets. For events, the fountain can be quickly drained to accommodate both small and large crowds. In the winter, the fountain transforms into an ice skating rink, and the café offers skate rentals and warm beverages. Ice skating at Dilworth Park is now one of the most popular seasonal activities in the city.}

^{▲戲幕噴泉：公園標誌性的無障礙噴泉致敬了中央廣場的悠久歷史，它曾是費城的第一座供水廠和公共噴泉。The Scrim Fountain: The park’s signature fully accessible and flexible scrim fountain is a nod to the historic Centre Square’s former use as Philadelphia’s first waterworks and public fountain. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

^{▲藝術、交通和公共領域的交匯點：噴泉中設置了藝術家Janet Echelman創作的動態藝術作品。水霧和光帶會隨著下方的交通路線實時地擺動，在白天和夜晚激活廣場的氛圍。Where Art, Transit, and Public Realm Intersect: The fountain includes a kinetic art piece by artist Janet Echelman. Pulse features illuminated ribbons of atomized fog that billow in real time with the transit lines below, activating the plaza day and night. ©Third Eye Productions, Inc. / Mel Epps}

^{▲四季皆宜的景觀：冬天，噴泉的一部分區域會改造為溜冰場。人們於晚上在公園中聚集、滑冰和社交。Seasonal Appeal: In the winter, a portion of the popular fountain is transformed into a winter ice skating rink. Crowds gather well into the night to skate and socialize. ©Sahar Coston-Hardy}

Dilworth公園終於重新找回了其作為城市中央廣場的身份，現在每天有超過100萬市民和遊客在這座位於標誌性地帶的公園中享受他們的美好時光。Dilworth公園讓費城的居民和遊客歡聚一堂，共同見證城市的活力。這是一種專屬於費城的獨特體驗：它回顧著城市的歷史，同時又將持續到遙遠的未來。

^{Today, Dilworth Park serves as the central square it was always intended to be, with over a million residents and visitors enjoying a newly beloved park befitting its iconic location. It is a place where Philadelphians and visitors converge to share in the vitality of the city. It’s a uniquely Philadelphian experience—one that recalls the city’s history and is designed to last far into the future.}

^{▲適用於各種活動的靈活空間：平坦而靈活的表面使公園能夠承載各種前所未有的活動。僅在2018年，公園就舉辦了250多場活動，接待了1080萬名遊客。A Flexible Space for Any Event: With its level, infinitely flexible surface, the park can host events like never before, reaching over 250 events and 10.8 million visitors in 2018 alone. ©OLIN / Sahar Coston-Hardy}

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