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Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy (徵稅) 1.5 cents per liquid ounce on distributors.
Philadelphia's new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the country. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.
The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It's expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.
While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists, made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.
"The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages -including low-and no-calorie choices." said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association." But most importantly, it is against the law. So we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it."
An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least S4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a "grocery tax."
Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. " The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places," said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America." Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It's not 'just Berkeley' anymore."
Similar measures in California's Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado's Boulder are becoming hot-button issues. Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.
46. What does the passage say about the new by-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?
A) It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.
B) It may encourage other US cities to follow suit.
C) It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.
D) It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.
47. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal?
A) Bargain with the city council.
B) Refuse to pay additional tax.
C) Take legal action against it.
D) Try to win public support.
48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?
A) It tried to arouse hostile feelings among consumers.
B) It tried to sending letters of protest to the media.
C) It kept sending letters of protest to the media.
D) It criticized the measure through advertising.
49. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?
A) Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases.
B) Help people to fix certain long-time health issues.
C) Add to the fund for their research on diseases.
D) Benefit low-income people across the country.
50. What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities?
A) They are becoming rather sensitive issues.
B) They are spreading panic in the soda industry.
C) They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases.
D) They are taking away a lot of profit from the soda industry.
【解析】
46. 根據題幹關鍵詞new by-approved soda tax in Philadelphia可以將題幹定位至文章前三段。三個定位點主要內容為1. 新稅法即將對經銷商徵稅 2. 在全國範圍內設立類似的新標準 並贏得自由地區以外的支持 3. 稅法針對普通汽水以及無糖汽水，包括加糖飲料。只有選項B It may encourage other US cities to follow suit. 「鼓勵其他城市效仿其行為」能夠跟第二段定位範圍構成同義轉化，二者都表示對新稅法的支持贊同。選項A 意為改變消費者的生活方式，定位範圍既沒有出現原詞也沒有相同的含義，幹擾性極低。選項C出現了原詞soda，是定位範圍頻繁出現的關鍵詞，但是仔細分析內容，強調得失減少對汽水的消費，與徵稅無關. 選項D 意為影響汽水的市場策略，為無中生有選項。
47. 根據題幹關鍵詞 「opponent 反對者」以及 「respond」 「回應」可以將47題定位至文章第四段和第五段，第四段出現關鍵詞opponent，第五段出現關鍵詞的動詞形式oppose，出現了關鍵詞詞性變化。根據定位句的內容可以判斷，反對者反應如下：made sharp criticisms (批判)and a promise to challenge the tax in court(承諾對稅收提出異議)take legal action to stop it. (採取法律行動阻止)。只有選項C Take legal action against it.能夠與原文構成同義轉化against 跟stop 表達含義一致，意為反對。正確選項含有原詞，幹擾選項屬於無中生有，容易判斷，難度較低。
48. 根據題幹關鍵詞industry-backed anti-tax campaign do 可以定位至文章第六段spent at least S4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a "grocery tax." 表示在廣告上花費4百萬，通過廣告批判措施，即D選項 It criticized the measure through advertising.的內容，幾乎跟定位句一模一樣，難度較低。
49. 根據題幹關鍵詞public health groups以及think 可以將題幹定位至文章第七段第一句話Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans。「 think」出現明確詢問觀點態度，而定位句中applaud ... as 以為 稱讚……為……，同樣表達觀點態度，而as之後「a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans」，即為答案，只有選項B可以構成同義轉化，fix 以及health issues 為原詞，lasting 對應原文的long-time表示持久的 長期的。
50. 根據題幹關鍵詞 similar measures 以及 some other cities 可以定位至文章最後一段第一句話 Similar measures in California's Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado's Boulder are becoming hot-button issues 定位句表示similar measures 相似的措施已經變成了hot-button issues 熱點問題，和A選項sensitive issues構成同義轉化。
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming 「status」 items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.
A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO₂ - the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change – at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. 「It is electricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment.」 say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behavior. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.
However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO₂ in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimates for annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other form of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.
51. What is the finding of the new study?
A) Quick-cooking microwave ovens have become more popular.
B) The frequent use of microwaves may do harm to our health.
C) CO₂ emissions constitute a major threat to the environment.
D) The use of microwaves emits more CO₂ than people think.
52. Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise?
A) They are becoming more affordable.
B) They have a shorter life cycle than other appliances.
C) They are getting much easier to operate.
D) They take less time to cook than other appliances.
53. What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make?
A) Cooking food of different varieties.
B) Improving microwave users』 habits.
C) Eating less to cut energy consumption.
D) Using microwave ovens less frequently.
54. What does Professor David Reay try to argue?
A) There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.
B) People should be persuaded into using passenger cars less often.
C) The UK produces less CO₂ than many other countries in the EU.
D) More data are needed to show whether microwaves are harmful.
55. What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves?
A) It will become less popular in the coming decades.
B) It makes everyday cooking much more convenient.
C) It plays a positive role in environmental protection.
D) It consumes more power than conventional cooking.
【解析】
51. 根據題幹關鍵詞finding 以及 new study 可以定位至文章第一段第二行，finding和new study 放在一起表明題幹詢問研究結果結論，定位句表示使用微波爐排放的二氧化碳比汽車多得多，所以只有D) The use of microwaves emits more CO₂ than people think.「使用微波爐排放大量二氧化碳」可以做同義轉化。幹擾選項A提到了原詞 microwave，但是描述的是微波爐受歡迎。幹擾選項B 同樣提到了原詞microwave，但是描述傷害身體，與二氧化碳排放無關。幹擾選項C出現原詞「CO₂ emissions」，但是描述二氧化碳對於環境的危害
52. 根據題幹關鍵詞 「why sales rise」 可以定位至第一段第七行， 根據「this is pushing the sales」這推動了微波爐的銷量，可以判斷this 指代的內容即為銷量上升原因，所以需要推上文「With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming 「status」 items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years」.「成本下降並且廚具成為家庭必備產品」 只有A選項 more affordable 更便宜能夠與cost falling 成本下降構成同義轉化。
53. 根據題幹關鍵詞可以定位至原文第二段第六行 第七行「efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behavior.」定位句表示，想減少消費，就要著重改變消費者行為和提升消費者的意識，只有B 選項B) Improving microwave users』 habits.「改變微波爐用戶的行為習慣」可以跟定位句構成同義轉化.
54. 根據題幹關鍵詞可以定位至文章第三段，題幹詢問教授DR的觀點，定位句表示although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars「雖然微波爐使用了大量的能源，但是跟車比起來，排放量比較少」。只有A選項 能夠與定位句構成同義轉化。
55. 根據題幹關鍵詞「DR的觀點以及 use of microwaves微波爐的使用」可以將題幹定位至最後一段第七行further 開始到最後一句，定位範圍幾個關鍵詞「the energy used by microwaves is lower微波爐的能耗低」，以及「could be seen as a positive thing可以將其看作積極的事情」可以判斷出DR 認為微波爐的使用是件好事，而只有C 選項出現了積極正面的詞 a positive role 積極的角色。
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