文化交流雜誌特約作者 卡莉娜·史蒂芬諾娃(保加利亞)
寫在前面:
近年來,東歐戲劇陸續進入到中國,它與英美戲劇差異巨大。東歐戲劇繼承與革新了來自俄羅斯斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基、梅耶荷德與契訶夫一脈的演劇體系,一直走在藝術先鋒和探索的前沿。
來自波蘭的劇場導演克裡斯蒂安·陸帕,他的多部作品都曾進入中國——《假面.瑪麗蓮》《伐木》《英雄廣場》,去年他還根據史鐵生的作品改編上演了《酗酒者莫非》;波蘭楊·克拉特導演的《人民公敵》、立陶宛OKT劇院奧斯卡·科爾蘇諾夫導演契訶夫的《海鷗》、裡瑪斯·圖米納斯的《葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金》前兩年都來到浙江烏鎮演出,好評如潮。之前還有保加利亞的克瑞都劇團,在上海國際小劇場戲劇節演出《外套》。
裡瑪斯圖米納斯導演的《葉甫蓋尼奧涅金》劇照。 (烏鎮戲劇節組委會提供)
類似的演出正在不斷進入中國觀眾的視野,我們應該如何看待東歐戲劇給我們帶來的全新觀感呢?
來自保加利亞國立戲劇與電影藝術學院戲劇藝術系的卡莉娜·史蒂芬諾娃教授日前來到杭州進行文化交流活動,在浙大江大學傳媒與國際文化學院舉辦了題為《<哈姆雷特>中的鏡像——東歐戲劇的一瞥》的講座。她同時也是保加利亞國家戲劇評論家協會副主席,主要從事戲劇理論與批評研究工作,在國際上很有名望。她以她的視角為我們展現當代的東歐戲劇。
——胡志毅( 浙江大學傳媒與國際文化學院教授、博士生導師,中國話劇理論與歷史研究會會長)
《認識一下,東歐戲劇》
前年來過浙江烏鎮的裡瑪斯·圖米納斯導演是一位非常優秀的劇場導演,《葉鋪蓋尼·奧涅金》是一部傑作,如果你看過,你就絕對不會忘記它。
在東歐,我們有許多劇場導演並不是從傳統戲劇的培養體系中成長起來的,有許多導演有傀儡戲的背景。因此東歐戲劇中也常會有傀儡戲的元素。這些作品不是將傀儡戲與話劇進行生硬的結合,而是將玩偶元素作為道具或者象徵引入到戲劇的表演模式中。當代的東歐戲劇的確有它的特殊魅力。
揚·克拉塔導演的《人民公敵》劇照。 (烏鎮戲劇節組委會提供)
「Mirror」即「鏡像」,它有兩個含義。其一是指現實意義上的可見的鏡子,我們可以在舞臺上看到它們;其二是比喻意義上的鏡子——《哈姆雷特》就像是一面對現實世界進行反射的鏡子,表現了精神意義上的內涵,而反射的現實世界更多是人的內心世界。
我們通過解讀《哈姆雷特》作品,去感受東歐劇場經典的莎士比亞與《哈姆雷特》是如何被一再上演的。
導演楊·克拉塔(Jan Klata)被稱為「波蘭的弗蘭克·卡斯託夫」(2016年,他帶著自己執導的戲劇《人民公敵》來到烏鎮)。
他的演劇有兩個非常突出的特點——
一是拓寬了劇場概念,演出不再局限於傳統的戲劇舞臺,而是走向了劇場外的空間。如果說我們以前都是安靜地坐在劇場裡面看戲,那麼如今則走向了更廣闊的外部世界。他的戲劇演出場景十分真實,演員跳河就是跳真的河,不是象徵性的、虛幻的動作。
在歐洲,這樣的劇場實驗是非常多的。比如有一位在歐洲非常活躍的南非導演,布雷頓·比爾利,他幾乎每一部作品都是在傳統劇場舞臺之外進行表演的,比如在廢棄的工廠,或是在田野裡演出。還有位波蘭導演傑格羅斯·布拉爾,他的《哈姆雷特》就是在一個由前修道院改造成的劇場裡演出的。
二是流行音樂的運用,比如戲劇一開場就用到了21世紀後出現的波蘭流行音樂。
楊·克拉塔嘗試把《哈姆雷特》命名《H.》,並於2004年在格但斯克造船廠演出。觀眾跟隨演員在42號倉庫的不同部分行動,包括奧菲莉亞溺水附近的運河。這次創作探索空間象徵意義的最大化:這裡曾被認為是團結工會運動的誕生地,然後造船廠關閉,隨後的失業帶來了絕望,最後是巨大、通風、寒冷的建築散發出的明顯的寒冷、孤獨和悽涼的感覺。
在東歐戲劇中,象徵元素是非常重要的,這非常不同於英美導演對文本或臺詞以及潛臺詞的重視。在這個版本的哈姆雷特中,哈姆雷特手中拿著的那本書是波蘭天主教徒用於祈禱的書,這個關鍵的道具隱含一種深刻的含義,也即哈姆雷特應該選擇復仇還是寬恕。
英國《哈姆雷特》戲劇表演漫畫。 CFP供圖
非常有意思的是,在他的戲劇中,「To be or not to be」這句經典臺詞不是由演員在現場表演中說出,而是在前期錄製好之後在現場用同期聲播放的。
另外,奧菲莉亞的結局是被拖到造船廠旁邊的運河裡溺死。還有一個細節是,人物有一部分說波蘭語,有一部分說法語,導演運用兩種不同語言的對白是為了表現波蘭上流社會的墮落,是一種現代的政治性隱喻。
就音樂的使用而言,這是一部非常具有議題性的作品,就像克拉塔常用在的其他作品上一樣:辛酸的、侵入的、強迫的、令人沮喪的,「骯髒的音樂不容易聽」。
簡而言之,這部作品不僅充滿了清晰的政治陳述風格,它本身就是清晰的政治陳述——這再次體現了克拉塔的典型風格,他以「對經典著作勇敢的先驅解讀,以及對波蘭現實熱情而不懈的診斷」而聞名。然而,這是一個非常平和的哈姆雷特:他與其他角色和世界的關係沒有任何明顯的發展——一個悲傷的、受傷的,但主要是憤怒、憤怒、憤怒的年輕人從一開始就「與所有人戰鬥」。正如演出的第一句話:「我要和他們戰鬥!」
楊·克拉塔認為,關鍵是找到一個場所來適應你所想要展示的文本,這不是傳統劇院可以代替的。傳統劇院難以展現我們的激烈情緒,它只能供人們進行理性的討論,因此應該拓寬戲劇表演的場所。我們一直以來過分崇拜戲劇文本,過分遵循莎士比亞的劇本程序,這反倒破壞了莎士比亞戲劇中的精髓。莎士比亞無愧為天才,他的戲劇向我們傳達著永恆的真理。
現在的東歐戲劇有一種打破傳統藝術邊界的融合趨勢,並且產生了一股叫做「新劇場現實」的潮流。就我所知,至少有十四個這樣的導演,尼克魯休斯、科爾蘇諾瓦斯、楊·克拉塔都屬此列。
(本文節選自作者的講座,標題為編者所加)
A Glimpse into
Eastern European Plays
By Kalina Stefanova (Bulgaria)
Rimas Tuminas who visited Wuzhen a few years back is an excellent theater director. If you have watched Eugene Onegin Rimas Tuminas directed, you wouldn’t forget the masterpiece.
Many theater directors in Eastern Europe are not bred by the traditional theater education system. They have their career roots in puppet shows. That’s why you often see the puppet show elements in Eastern European plays. However, these plays do not present awkward integration of puppet show and drama. The puppet show elements are often introduced as stage sets or symbols into drama. That’s why Eastern Europe plays offer a special charm.
自2013年起,楊克拉塔開始擔任克拉科夫老劇院藝術總監。圖為波蘭克拉科夫老劇院老照片。
Mirror has two meanings. The first refers to the real tangible mirror. We can see mirrors on the theater stage. The second is a figurative mirror. Hamlet resembles a mirror that reflects the real world, presenting the spiritual content. The real world it reflects is largely about the inner world.
By reading Hamlet, we can understand why Shakespeare’s classics such as Hamlet are staged again and again.
Jan Klata is a director with a strong sense of politics. His works are often regarded as political fables.
Two features stand out in the shows he directs: first, he broadens what a theater is. His shows are no longer confined to the traditional theater stage. They extend to the space beyond theaters. If we used to sit in a theater and watch a performance, nowadays we are in the broader world outside the traditional theater. The setting for his shows is real. If an actor jumps into a river, then it is a real river. What the performer does is no longer a symbolic and virtual jump. Second, he uses pop music. For example, Hamlet directed by Jan Klata starts with a pop song which appeared in 21st-century Poland.
Hamlet presented at Gdansk shipyard in 2004 is unforgettable. The audiences followed the performers to different parts of Warehouse 42, including to a nearby canal in which Ophelia drowned. The creation explored the significance of the shipyard: Solidarity was founded there in 1980 before it overwhelmed the country. The shipyard went under later. Unemployment brought out despair. The cavernous, draughty and cold warehouseemphasized coldness, solitude, and desolation.
Plays in Eastern Europe give a top priority to symbols whereas directors in the UK and the USA give special attention to lines and unspoken words. In Hamlet directed by Jan Klata, the prayer book in the hand of Hamlet was the very one usually used by Catholics in Poland. The item suggests a question Hamlet faces: should he choose revenge or forgiveness?
Interestingly enough, Hamlet didn’t speak the famous 「to be or not to be」 soliloquy in the play. Instead, the audience heard the playback of a record previously recorded. As for Ophelia, she was drawn to the canal by the shipyard and drowned there. Another distinct difference in the show was that some characters spoke Polish whereas some other characters spoke French. A dialogue interwoven in two languages was designed to serve as a political metaphor about the downfall of the upper class in modern Poland. In terms of music, Hamlet trigged a lot of discussions. The music used in this play was so 「dirty」 that it posted a challenge to the ears.
胡志毅和卡莉娜史蒂芬諾娃合影。
In short, this production makes a clear-cut political statement, which is typical of Jan Klata, famed for boldly interpreting classics in an avant-gardestyle and for passionately and unswervingly diagnosing Poland’s reality.
According to Jan Klata, the key is to find a venue appropriate for a text you intend to display. A traditional theater will not make it. The traditional theater has difficulty displaying our vehement sentiments; it is good only for rational dialogue. Therefore we need to find broader venues for theater production. We have overly worshipped Shakespeare’s texts and faithfully followed the play programs set by Shakespeare. What we have done damages the essence of Shakespeare, a genius whose works convey eternal truth to us.
Eastern European theaters now combine to break down the limits of traditional arts and integrate them, thus producing 「a new theater reality」. As far as Iknow, there are at least fourteen directors engaged in this trend. Jan Klata is one of them.