近日,一顆突如其來的大彗星划過北半球夜空,引起了天文愛好者們的廣泛關注。
這顆彗星是2020年3月發現的,編號為C/2020F3(Comet Neowise),全國科技名詞委天文學名詞審定委員會把這顆彗星中文名確定為「新智彗星」。7月中下旬的傍晚可以看到它的靚影。一開始這枚彗星亮度較低,並未引起重視,但到了6月,隨著彗星逐漸接近太陽,其視星等進入裸眼可見範圍,其亮度飆升,引起了大家注意。
美國《天空與望遠鏡》雜誌稱,7月14日起,人們可以試著在太陽落山後,在北鬥七星下方尋找「新智彗星」;22日距離地球最近。據悉,「新智彗星」將是自1997年海爾-波普彗星以來最明亮的彗星,目前其亮度已比1986年哈雷彗星穿過內太陽系時還要高。
「新智彗星」划過明長城金山嶺
天文愛好者若想較好地欣賞彗星,還需帶上雙筒望遠鏡,到郊外空曠地點進行觀測。
七月底,這顆漂亮的彗星可能會消失在我們的視野裡,而一旦消失,人類就只能在6800年後再見到它了。
Stargazers in the Northern Hemisphere should enjoy every opportunity to see the new Comet Neowise as it streaks across the evening sky for the rest of July.
Once it disappears from view, the comet will not be visible in Earth's skies for another 6,800 years, according to NASA.
圖源:人民網
至於為什麼要等6800年才能再次見到這顆彗星,原因是這顆彗星有非常長的運行軌道,光顧一次地球需要非常久。
After its closest approach to Earth, Comet NEOWISE will continue on its very long orbit to the edge of the solar system, stretching out 715 astronomical units from our sun. (As a comparison, Earth is one astronomical unit from the sun.)
在到達近地點之後,新智彗星將繼續在其漫長的軌道上運行,一直到距離太陽715個天文單位的太陽系邊緣。 (作為比較參考,地球是來自太陽的一個天文單位。)
This is why we won't see the comet again in our lifetimes—it takes thousands of years to travel the outer solar system before returning to the inner solar system.
這就是為什麼我們在有生之年再也看不到這顆彗星的原因——在返回到內太陽系之前,它會在外太陽系飛行上千年。
彗星到底是什麼
古時候,無論東方或是西方,彗星都被視為不祥的徵兆,而且因為它長長的尾巴,中國民間將它稱為「掃把星」。
但隨著科學發展,大家都認識到彗星不過是一種天體,現代人尤其是天文愛好者都被它的美麗壯觀所吸引。
和流星不同,彗星是由由鬆散的冰,塵埃和小巖石顆粒組成的,被稱為「髒雪球」。
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.This produces a visible atmosphere orcoma, and sometimes also atail.
彗星是一個冰冷的小型太陽系天體,當它靠近太陽時,開始升溫並釋放大量的氣體,這個過程被稱為釋氣。這會產生可見的大氣層即人們所說的「彗發」,有時也會產生尾巴,也就是「彗尾」。
Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years.
彗星通常具有偏心率的橢圓軌道,它們的軌道周期很長,從幾年到幾百萬年不等。
Roughly one comet per year is visible to thenaked eye, though many of those are faint and unspectacular. Particularly bright examples are called"great comets".
每年大約都有一顆彗星肉眼可見,許多彗星是微弱而不引人注目的。特別明亮的彗星被稱做「大彗星」。哈雷彗星
Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is ashort-period comet visible fromEarth every 75–76 years.
哈雷彗星,正式名稱為1P/Halley,是一顆每75-76年從地球上可見一次的短周期彗星。
Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime.
哈雷是唯一已知的能用裸眼直接看見的短周期彗星,也是唯一的人一生中可以看見兩次的彗星。
The comet's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, after whom it is now named.
這顆彗星的周期是由英國天文學家埃德蒙·哈雷於1705年首次確定的,彗星也因此以哈雷命名。
威斯特彗星
Comet West, formally designated C/1975 V1, 1976 VI, and 1975n, was a comet described as one of the brightest objects to pass through the inner Solar System in 1976. It is often described as a 「great comet」.
威斯特彗星,正式名稱為C/1975 V1,1976 VI, 或 1975n,為一顆非周期彗星,被認為是1976年穿越內太陽系最明亮的天體之一。威斯特彗星有時也被稱為「大彗星」。
It was discovered photographically byRichard M. West, of theEuropean Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975.
歐洲南天天文臺的天文學家李察·M·威斯特於1975年11月5日在經過曝光後的底片上首度發現威斯特彗星。
The comet came toperihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on February 25, 1976. From February 25 through the 27th, observers reported that the comet was bright enough to study during full daylight.
該彗星1976年2月25日通過近日點(最接近太陽的位置)。從2月25日至27日為止,天文觀測者報告說這顆彗星非常明亮,足以在日光的影響下進行研究。
海爾-波普彗星
Comet Hale–Bopp (formally designated C/1995 O1) is a comet that was perhaps the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades.
海爾-波普彗星(正式編號:C/1995 O1)是20世紀觀測範圍最廣的彗星,也是數十年來最明亮的彗星之一。
The comet was discovered independently on July 23, 1995, by two observers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, both in the United States.
1995年7月23日,美國人艾倫·海爾和託馬斯·波普分別獨立發現該彗星。
Hale–Bopp became visible to the naked eye in May 1996, and although its rate of brightening slowed considerably during the latter half of that year, scientists were still cautiously optimistic that it would become very bright.
1996年夏天,海爾-波普彗星開始可以肉眼看見。同年下半年,它的光度增加速度放緩,但科學家仍抱持樂觀態度,等待該彗星變得更光亮。
It was too closely aligned with the Sun to be observable during December 1996, but when it reappeared in January 1997 it was already bright enough to be seen by anyone who looked for it, even from large cities with light-polluted skies.
至1996年12月,由於它的天球位置太接近太陽,因此暫不能觀測,1997年1月,彗星重現,並已變得更亮,在遭光汙染的城市夜空也容易找到它。
凱撒彗星
Caesar's Comet (also Julian Star;Star of Caesar;the Great Comet of 44 BC; numerical designation C/-43 K1) was a seven-day cometary outburst seen in July 44 BC.
當時羅馬人認為,這顆彗星是最近遇刺的羅馬終身獨裁官尤利烏斯·凱撒(100–44 BC)神化的象徵。這可能是古代最有名的彗星。
這顆明亮的白晝彗星在羅馬凱撒勝利競技慶典時突然出現。英國天文學家愛德蒙·哈雷認為這是發生在公元前44年的9月份。但最近的研究認為這次競技慶典應該是在公元前44年7月。
According to Suetonius, as celebrations were getting underway, "a comet shone for seven successive days, rising about the eleventh hour, and was believed to be the soul of Caesar".
據羅馬帝國歷史學家蘇埃託尼烏斯的記載,在慶典進行的過程中,「彗星連續7天於第11時(日落前的一個小時)在天空出現,人們認為這是凱撒升天的靈魂。」
屋大維鑄造的銀幣 (ca. 19-18 BC)。正面: 屋大維頭像和CAESAR AVGVSTVS(屋大維拉丁名字);背面:DIVVS IVLIV[S](神儒略,追凱撒為神後的尊稱),圖案為放射出八條光芒的彗星(星星),彗尾向上。圖源:維基百科