Becase ...
「您好，
我是您親友為您預定的七夕青蛙🐸
現在我要開始叫了
孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡」
想必，這份節日「禮物」今天你即使沒有收到，也在朋友圈刷到了。Why Do Frogs Croak (From: Kids Video Show)那麼，為什麼青蛙會「孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡孤寡」叫？我們一起來看看。Why Frogs Ribbit
NowIKnow
The names we give to animal sounds vary widely as you move from area to area. The reason, generally, has little to do with the animals themselves — the sound a rooster makes is roughly the same whether that rooster lives in the United States, Germany, or China. But because the labels we give their noises are onomatopoetic approximations — we put their sounds into our 「words — a rooster in the US says 「cock-a-doodle-doo」 while in Germany it goes 「kikeriki」 (with an emphasis on that last syllable) and in China, it’s 「wo-wo-wo.」
The same is true for frogs. In Germany, locals attest that the frog says 「quaken.」 In China, the frog’s croak, transliterated, would be something like 「qua-qua.」 And if you grew up in the United States, you probably think that frogs near you say 「ribbit.」 That’s the word people in the United States use to describe the sound.
But those Americans are probably wrong — and Hollywood is to blame.
The Pacific tree frog, above, is a species of frog which lives up and down the North American Pacific coast, ranging as far north as the extreme southern tip of Alaska. Depending on what taxonomy one goes by, the species range down to Baja California and somewhat eastward toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. Alternative taxonomies may categorize these frogs into three distinct species (one per region), but either way, one thing is for sure: their males, when it’s time to look for a mate, all make the same sound. You can listen to that sound here.
It kind of sounds like 「ribbit,」 right?
That 「ribbit」 sound is what’s called an 「advertisement call.」 Frogs need to reproduce and to do so, male frogs need to make two things clear: first, that they’re open for business and second, that this lilypad is theirs and other male frogs should stay away. The 「ribbit」 serves that dual purpose — it tells female Pacific tree frogs that this is a good place to lay her eggs, and it tells male Pacific tree frogs to go find their own domain. However, that message is only intended for frogs of the same (or compatible) species. No one benefits if a frog’s croaking noise attracts the wrong species of female frog or deters a different species of male.
The good news, if you’re a frog, is that it’s pretty easy to keep all of these frog noises straight. As it turns out, different species of frogs have distinct advertisement calls. The bad news, if you’re a human, is that most frogs don’t actually ribbit, despite what we think.
So where』d the mix-up happen? The movies. If you watch a movie, particularly one from an era where films were made on a Hollywood studio lot, and you hear frogs, you』ll hear ribbits. That’s because the background noises needed to come from somewhere else — and whatever was local was good enough. As Oregon State University’s Animal Bioacoustics blog explains, Pacific tree frogs were 「regularly featured in movies because early sound designers could go out to the ponds in California, even in the Hollywood area, and easily record the sound of the chorus.」
As a result, the Pacific tree frog’s advertisement call became a familiar one. For those who weren’t otherwise serenaded with a chorus of frog croaks from locally-sourced frogs, movies provided nearly 100% of their frog sound knowledge. As they watched movies, they were exposed to the 「ribbit」 of the Pacific tree frog and started incorporating it into other places frogs may be, such as Old MacDonald’s Farm — despite the fact that few other frogs actually 「ribbit.」 The 「frog goes ribbit」 idea spread, and today, Americans think that a frog’s ribbit is universal.
- ◆ -
註：中文文本為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應
含注釋全文：
Why Frogs Ribbit
NowIKnow
The names we give to animal sounds vary widely as you move from area to area. The reason, generally, has little to do with the animals themselves — the sound a rooster makes is roughly the same whether that rooster lives in the United States, Germany, or China. But because the labels we give their noises are onomatopoetic approximations — we put their sounds into our 「words — a rooster in the US says 「cock-a-doodle-doo」 while in Germany it goes 「kikeriki」 (with an emphasis on that last syllable) and in China, it's 「wo-wo-wo.」
我們給動物聲音起的名字在不同地區有很大的不同。一般來說，原因與動物本身關係不大--無論生活在美國、德國還是中國，公雞發出的聲音大致相同。但因為我們給它們的聲音貼上的標籤是近似擬聲的--我們把它們的聲音放到我們的「詞」裡--在美國，公雞叫是「cock-a-doodle-doo」，而在德國是「kikeriki」（強調最後一個音節），在中國則是「wo-wo-wo」。
🐸ribbit /ˈrɪbɪt/ 看標題其實就可以猜出來，指的就是「青蛙叫聲，呱呱」，英文解釋為「The vocal sound made by a frog or toad；The characteristic croaking sound of a frog.」
🐸另一個詞croak /krəʊk/，1）作名詞，表示「（蛙、烏鴉等）發出低沉沙啞的叫聲，呱呱地叫」，英文解釋為「When animals such as frogs and crows croak, they make deep rough sounds.」當然也可以直接作動詞；
2）此外，croak作動詞還可以表示「用低沉而沙啞的聲音說話」（to speak or say sth with a rough low voice）舉個🌰：
I had a sore throat and could only croak.
我喉嚨痛，只能啞著嗓子說話。
🎬電影《嚎叫》（Howl）中的臺詞提到：Moloch whose factories dream and croak in the fog 摩洛神的工廠在煙霧中做夢呻吟。
onomatopoetic 形容詞，表示「聲喻的；擬聲的」；名詞：onomatopoeia /ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə, -mɑːtə-/ 表示「擬聲；聲喻法；擬聲法；擬聲詞，象聲詞」英文解釋為「the act of creating or using words that include sounds that are similar to the noises the words refer to」。
表示「近似物；類似事物」，英文解釋為「An approximation is a fact, object, or description which is similar to something else, but which is not exactly the same.」舉個🌰：
That is a fair approximation of the way in which the next boss is being chosen.
那是一個挑選下任老闆的大體近似方式。
cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəˌduːdəlˈduː/ 還真有這麼一個詞，表示「（公雞的啼聲）喔喔喔」，英文解釋為「the word for the sound that a cock / rooster makes」。
syllable /ˈsɪləbəl/ 表示「音節」，英文解釋為「A syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound and that is pronounced as a unit. So, for example, "book" has one syllable, and "reading" has two syllables.」如：a word with two syllables 雙音節單詞。
The same is true for frogs. In Germany, locals attest that the frog says 「quaken.」 In China, the frog's croak, transliterated, would be something like 「qua-qua.」 And if you grew up in the United States, you probably think that frogs near you say 「ribbit.」 That's the word people in the United States use to describe the sound.
青蛙也是如此。在德國，當地人證實青蛙叫是「quaken」。在中國，青蛙的呱呱叫音譯起來就像是「qua-qua」。而如果你在美國長大，你可能會認為附近的青蛙叫是「ribbit」。美國人就是用這個詞來形容青蛙的叫聲。
表示「表明；證明；證實」，英文解釋為「to show something or to say or prove that something is true」舉個🌰：
Contemporary accounts attest to his courage and determination.
當時的報導證實了他的勇氣和決心。
🎬電影《被解救的姜戈》（Django Unchained）中的臺詞提到：five witnesses who can attest to that fact. 5個目擊者可以作證。
transliterate /trænzˈlɪtəˌreɪt/ 表示「移譯；音譯」，把（一個字母體系的單詞等）按另一字母體系拼寫，英文解釋為「to write words or letters using letters of a different alphabet or language」舉個🌰：
On the road signs, the Greek place names have been transliterated into the Roman alphabet.
在路牌上，希臘地名被音譯成了拉丁字母。
But those Americans are probably wrong — and Hollywood is to blame.
但那些美國人可能搞錯了--而好萊塢是罪魁禍首。
The Pacific tree frog, above, is a species of frog which lives up and down the North American Pacific coast, ranging as far north as the extreme southern tip of Alaska. Depending on what taxonomy one goes by, the species range down to Baja California and somewhat eastward toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. Alternative taxonomies may categorize these frogs into three distinct species (one per region), but either way, one thing is for sure: their males, when it's time to look for a mate, all make the same sound. You can listen to that sound here.
上圖中的太平洋樹蛙，是一種生活在北美太平洋沿岸的蛙類，範圍北至阿拉斯加（Alaska）的最南端。根據不同的分類法，該物種的範圍一直下到加利福尼亞半島（Baja California），並在一定程度上向東延伸到內華達山脈（Sierra Nevada）。其他分類法可能會將這些青蛙分為三個不同的物種（每個地區一種），但無論如何，有一件事是肯定的：它們的雄性，當它尋找配偶的時候，都會發出同樣的聲音。你可以在這裡聽一下這種聲音。
表示「 尖端；尖兒；端」，英文解釋為「the thin pointed end of sth」，如：the tips of your fingers 手指尖，the tip of your nose 你的鼻尖，the northern tip of the island 島的北端。
taxonomy /tækˈsɒnəmɪ/ 表示「分類學；生物分類學」，英文解釋為「a system for naming and organizing things, especially plants and animals, into groups that share similar qualities」。
It kind of sounds like 「ribbit,」 right?
聽起來有點像「Ribbit」，對吧？
That 「ribbit」 sound is what's called an 「advertisement call.」 Frogs need to reproduce and to do so, male frogs need to make two things clear: first, that they're open for business and second, that this lilypad is theirs and other male frogs should stay away. The 「ribbit」 serves that dual purpose — it tells female Pacific tree frogs that this is a good place to lay her eggs, and it tells male Pacific tree frogs to go find their own domain. However, that message is only intended for frogs of the same (or compatible) species. No one benefits if a frog's croaking noise attracts the wrong species of female frog or deters a different species of male.
這種「ribbit」的聲音就是所謂的「廣告鳴叫」。青蛙需要繁殖，為了繁殖，雄蛙需要明確兩點：第一，它們在「營業」了；第二，這塊睡蓮浮葉是它們的，其他雄蛙應該遠離。「ribbit」就有這樣的雙重作用--它告訴雌性太平洋樹蛙，這裡是它產卵的好地方，也告訴雄性太平洋樹蛙去尋找自己的領地。然而，這個信息只針對同種（或相容）的青蛙。如果一隻青蛙的呱呱叫聲吸引了錯誤的雌蛙品種，或者阻擋了不同品種的雄蛙，那麼誰也不會受益。
更常見的事lily pad，指的是「睡蓮的漂浮葉」，英文解釋為「any of the floating leaves of a water lily；a round floating leaf of a water lily」
🐸water lily 表示「睡蓮」（A water lily is a plant with large flat leaves and colorful flowers that floats on the surface of lakes and rivers.）
🐸pad則可以表示「浮葉（尤見於睡蓮）」（the large flat leaf of some water plants, especially the water lily）
compatible /kəmˈpætəbəl/ 表示「可共存的；協調的；兼容的」，英文解釋為「able to exist, live together, or work successfully with something or someone else」舉個🌰：
It was when we started living together that we found we just weren't compatible.
等到開始生活在一起時，才發現我們根本合不來。
表示「阻撓，阻止；威懾；使不敢」，英文解釋為「to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it」舉個🌰：
High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses.
高昂的價格讓很多年輕人對於買房望而卻步。
🎬電影《殺手：代號47》（Hitman）中的臺詞提到：I, for one, will not let their cowardice deter me. 作為總統 為了一個人 我將一往無前。
🎬電影《孤獨的生還者》（Lone Survivor）中的臺詞提到：If you do come under attack, use the appropriate force necessary to deter or defeat that threat. 如果遭受襲擊使用適當的武力來制止或反擊此威脅。
The good news, if you're a frog, is that it's pretty easy to keep all of these frog noises straight. As it turns out, different species of frogs have distinct advertisement calls. The bad news, if you're a human, is that most frogs don't actually ribbit, despite what we think.
好消息是，如果你是一隻青蛙，要把這些青蛙的聲音都弄清楚是很容易的。事實證明，不同種類的青蛙有不同的「廣告鳴叫」。壞消息是，如果你是人類，不管我們怎麼想的，大多數青蛙其實並不會叫。
So where'd the mix-up happen? The movies. If you watch a movie, particularly one from an era where films were made on a Hollywood studio lot, and you hear frogs, you'll hear ribbits. That's because the background noises needed to come from somewhere else — and whatever was local was good enough. As Oregon State University's Animal Bioacoustics blog explains, Pacific tree frogs were 「regularly featured in movies because early sound designers could go out to the ponds in California, even in the Hollywood area, and easily record the sound of the chorus.」
那麼，這種差錯是在哪裡發生？電影。如果你看電影，尤其是在好萊塢製片廠拍電影的時代，你聽到青蛙的聲音，就會聽到「ribbits」。那是因為背景噪音需要從其他地方來--只要是當地的聲音就足夠了。正如俄勒岡州立大學的動物生物聲學博客所解釋的那樣，太平洋樹蛙「經常出現在電影中，因為早期的音效師可以去加州的池塘，甚至在好萊塢地區，就很容易錄下青蛙「大合唱」的聲音。」
表示「（引起混亂的）錯誤」，英文解釋為「a mistake that causes confusion」舉個🌰：
There was a mix-up at the office and we all received the wrong forms.
辦公室搞錯了，我們都收到了錯誤的表格。
1）表示「齊聲，異口同聲」，英文解釋為「the sound of a lot of people expressing approval or disapproval at the same time」；
2）表示「 （通常在歌曲每一節後的）副歌，合唱部分；合唱曲」，英文解釋為「part of a song that is repeated several times, usually after each verse (= set of lines)」；
3）表示「歌舞隊；伴舞；伴唱」，英文解釋為「a group of performers who, as a team, sing or dance in a show」
▲Oregon State University's Animal Bioacoustics blogAs a result, the Pacific tree frog's advertisement call became a familiar one. For those who weren't otherwise serenaded with a chorus of frog croaks from locally-sourced frogs, movies provided nearly 100% of their frog sound knowledge. As they watched movies, they were exposed to the 「ribbit」 of the Pacific tree frog and started incorporating it into other places frogs may be, such as Old MacDonald's Farm — despite the fact that few other frogs actually 「ribbit.」 The 「frog goes ribbit」 idea spread, and today, Americans think that a frog's ribbit is universal.
因此，太平洋樹蛙的「廣告鳴叫」成了人們熟悉的聲音。對於那些原本沒有聽過當地青蛙呱呱叫「大合唱」的人來說，他們對青蛙叫聲的認知幾乎全部來源於電影。在看電影的過程中，他們接觸到了太平洋樹蛙的「ribbit」，並開始把它融入到其他青蛙可能出現的地方，比如老麥農場（Old MacDonald's Farm）--儘管其他青蛙很少有真正是「ribbit」這樣叫的。「青蛙叫聲ribbit」的說法廣為流傳，如今，美國人認為青蛙的ribbit叫聲是普遍存在的。
serenade /ˌsɛrɪˈneɪd/ 表示「（對所愛慕的女子）唱小夜曲，奏小夜曲；（尤指夜間男子在心儀女子的窗外）為…演奏（或演唱）」，英文解釋為「to sing or play music to sb (as done in the past by a man singing under her window to the woman he loved)」舉個🌰：
Romeo serenades Juliet in the moonlight.
羅密歐在月光下為朱麗葉唱起小夜曲。
📺《刺殺林肯》中提到：A crowd gathers in front of the White House to serenade Lincoln and to call for him to speak. 一群人聚集在白宮門口 為林肯奏樂 並請求他發表演講
表示「普遍的；全體的；全世界的；共同的」，英文解釋為「done by or involving all the people in the world or in a particular group」舉個🌰：
Agreement on this issue is almost universal.
這個問題幾乎取得全體一致的意見。
謝謝你看到這裡呀
參與不定期抽獎
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