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圖片來自Kerstin Langenberger博客:http://www.arctic-dreams.com/en/news;1.0.0.0/page0/id22.html
不知道大家最近有沒有看到過上方圖片,這是德國女攝影師Kerstin Langenberger拍攝的一張北極熊照片,照片中的北極熊骨瘦如材站在浮冰上,面容憔悴。
Kerstin本人
Kerstin在自己的網站講述了照片背後的故事,她認為全球氣候變暖使得北極的浮冰加速融化,越來越多的北極熊被餓死,尤其是母熊,為了照顧幼熊不得不留在陸地,他們很難找到食物,幾乎很少能看到健康的母熊和幼熊。下圖為Kerstin拍攝的一對北極熊母子。
圖片來自Kerstin Langenberger博客:http://www.arctic-dreams.com/en/news;1.0.0.0/page0/id22.html
小編同時還發現另外一個新聞,關於北極熊海底憋氣超過歷史記錄。 一般北極熊的潛水時間約30秒左右,然而最近生態學家卻發現,有一隻公北極熊為了獵捕海豹,在水底憋氣長達3分鐘又10秒(190秒)。然而這並沒有什麼值得慶祝,因為北極熊憋氣能力大大提高的原因卻是說明它們食物短缺,必須潛得更深更久才有可能發現食物。更唏噓的是,就算如此,更多時候他們也只是無功而返。
Picture from Internet
生態學家和綠色保護組織稱,導致北極浮冰融化的原因不只是全球氣候變暖,還有比如美國等國在北冰洋的石油開採。
小編幾年前曾經到過美國在阿拉斯加一個叫Prudhoe Bay的石油開採基地。 去的時候是9月中旬,已經到了基地工人快撤走的時間,由於北極的極低氣溫,該地的石油開採一年只能在夏天進行兩個月。 而且石油公司和政府也一直宣稱他們的開採做了各種工作以減小對北極環境的傷害,例如不斷改進石油開採方法,這方面的論文很多,小編下次做個專題。
小編分享幾張照片,大家可以看看石油開採給阿拉斯加和北冰洋帶來了什麼,再小的變化日積月累也有可能最後產生嚴重的後果阿!
石油開採工人住的貨櫃營地,營地離北冰洋大概有十幾分鐘的距離。
九月的北冰洋,沒有一塊冰,其實冷得小編連手指頭都不願意放下去。 但是還有人冬泳 --|||
北冰洋海底開採的石油,都是通過這樣的管道穿過阿拉斯加和加拿大,一路到美國。
一路陪伴油管的,還有各種運送物資的擎天柱。這條叫做Delton Highway的高速公路是連接石油開採基地和阿拉斯加中部城市Fairbanks的唯一通道,據說也是世界上最危險的公路之一,大概因為開完全程需要三天左右,路邊除了大自然什麼都沒有。
回到北極熊的食物危機來,小編看完圖片和新聞,只有一個感覺就是不忍直視。然而不知道自己作為一個普通人,可以為此做些什麼。 但是轉念一想或許唧唧堂可以,唧唧堂的生態學研究人們也可以。唧唧堂會持續關注更多生態環境相關研究,並將研究結果傳播給更多人。
最後,獻上唧唧堂研究人,廈門大學生態學博士Mellens, 為大家準備的《生態學快報》和 《全球變化生物學》的八月論文一句話解析。 感謝Mellens以及下方論文中所有作者為地球生態環境所做的工作。
Ecology Letters 生態學快報八月論文一句話解析
輪作可以促進植物地上部分和地下部分的交互作用從而增加農業生態系統多樣性
Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem
L. K. Tiemann, A. S. Grandy, E. E. Atkinson, E. Marin-Spiotta and M. D. McDaniel
共享種子捕食者的間接相互作用可以促進不同植物功能群在熱帶森林的共存
Indirect interactions among tropical tree species through shared rodent seed predators: a novel mechanism of tree species coexistence
Carol X. Garzon-Lopez, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Alejandro Ordoñez, Stephanie A. Bohlman, Han Olff and Patrick A. Jansen
分子標記並不能很好的預測種群適應潛能
Are molecular markers useful predictors of adaptive potential?
Elizabeth A. Mittell, Shinichi Nakagawa and Jarrod D. Hadfield
宿主異質性和在本地的傳播特點共同影響寄生蟲生活史特性的進化
Spatial structure, host heterogeneity and parasite virulence: implications for vaccine-driven evolution
Yazmín Hananí Zurita-Gutiérrez and Sébastien Lion
多樣性的競爭普遍存在於植物群落中,並能較好的維持物種豐富度
Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness
Santiago Soliveres, Fernando T. Maestre, Werner Ulrich, Peter Manning, Steffen Boch, Matthew A. Bowker, Daniel Prati, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, José L. Quero, Ingo Schöning, Antonio Gallardo, Wolfgang Weisser, Jörg Müller, Stephanie A. Socher, Miguel García-Gómez, Victoria Ochoa, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Markus Fischer and Eric Allan
宿主非特異性導致不同土壤肥力梯度下龍腦香科樹種與外生菌根真菌自由組合
Lack of host specificity leads to independent assortment of dipterocarps and ectomycorrhizal fungi across a soil fertility gradient
Kabir G. Peay, Sabrina E. Russo, Krista L. McGuire, Zhenyu Lim, Ju Ping Chan, Sylvester Tan and Stuart J. Davies
定殖率和自適應覓食控制營養級聯的出現
Colonisation rate and adaptive foraging control the emergence of trophic cascades
Ashkaan K. Fahimipour and Kurt E. Anderson
土地集約利用通過降低生物多樣性以及改變功能構成從而改變生態系統多功能性
Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition
Eric Allan, Pete Manning, Fabian Alt, Julia Binkenstein, Stefan Blaser, Nico Blüthgen, Stefan Böhm, Fabrice Grassein, Norbert Hölzel, Valentin H. Klaus, Till Kleinebecker, E. Kathryn Morris, Yvonne Oelmann, Daniel Prati, Swen C. Renner, Matthias C. Rillig, Martin Schaefer, Michael Schloter, Barbara Schmitt, Ingo Schöning, Marion Schrumpf, Emily Solly, Elisabeth Sorkau, Juliane Steckel, Ingolf Steffen-Dewenter, Barbara Stempfhuber, Marco Tschapka, Christiane N. Weiner, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Michael Werner, Catrin Westphal, Wolfgang Wilcke and Markus Fischer
環境異質性可以調節破碎棲息地中寄主——病原體相互作用,因此生物避難所和斑塊連通性能夠較好地維持受疾病影響的兩棲動物的異質種群
Refugia and connectivity sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease
Geoffrey W. Heard, Chris D. Thomas, Jenny A. Hodgson, Michael P. Scroggie, David S. L. Ramsey and Nick Clemann
集合群落物種形成模型以及他對多元化理論的影響
Metacommunity speciation models and their implications for diversification theory
Nicolas Hubert, Vincent Calcagno, Rampal S. Etienne and Nicolas Mouquet
Global Change Biology 全球變化生物學八月論文一句話解析
氣候變化對蠑螈體型大小的影響:成年蠑螈的體型對生存條件,尤其是降雨較為敏感
Climate change and shrinking salamanders: alternative mechanisms for changes in plethodontid salamander body size
Grant M. Connette, John A. Crawford and William E. Peterman
以紐西蘭為例,研究氣候變化對土壤生態系統服務功能的影響
Effects of climate change on the delivery of soil-mediated ecosystem services within the primary sector in temperate ecosystems: a review and New Zealand case study
Kate H. Orwin, Bryan A. Stevenson, Simeon J. Smaill, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Ian A. Dickie, Brent E. Clothier, Loretta G. Garrett, Tony J. van der Weerden, Michael H. Beare, Denis Curtin, Cecile A. M. de Klein, Michael B. Dodd, Roberta Gentile, Carolyn Hedley, Brett Mullan, Mark Shepherd, Steven A. Wakelin, Nigel Bell, Saman Bowatte, Murray R. Davis, Estelle Dominati, Maureen O'Callaghan, Roger L. Parfitt and Steve M. Thomas
預期的區域未來極端氣候的影響取決於發生的概率和嚴重程度的變化,複合效應,不同極端氣候出現的時機,以及管理方式
Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts
Dorothea Frank, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Kirsten Thonicke, David Frank, Miguel D. Mahecha, Pete Smith, Marijn van der Velde, Sara Vicca, Flurin Babst, Christian Beer, Nina Buchmann, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Wolfgang Cramer, Andreas Ibrom, Franco Miglietta, Ben Poulter, Anja Rammig, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Ariane Walz, Martin Wattenbach, Miguel A. Zavala and Jakob Zscheischler
應用多元分析河岸植物群落對洪水增加的響應,並評價分析植物特徵對河岸植物物種對洪水響應所起的關鍵性作用
Riparian plant community responses to increased flooding: a meta-analysis
Annemarie G. Garssen, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek, Jos T. A. Verhoeven and Merel B. Soons
通過氣候變化以及土地覆蓋變化預測婆羅洲猩猩避難區域的變化
Anticipated climate and land-cover changes reveal refuge areas for Borneo's orang-utans
Matthew J. Struebig, Manuela Fischer, David L. A. Gaveau, Erik Meijaard, Serge A. Wich, Catherine Gonner, Rachel Sykes, Andreas Wilting and Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
生物相互作用以及「多維」進化對氣候變化的反應的重要性
Evolutionary responses to climate change in parasitic systems
Thotsapol Chaianunporn and Thomas Hovestadt
未來氣候變化對鳥類群落功能,結構以及多樣性的影響
The effect of range changes on the functional turnover, structure and diversity of bird assemblages under future climate scenarios
Morgane Barbet-Massin and Walter Jetz
氣候變化對南半球亞成年雀形目鳥類的影響
Contrasting effects of climate on juvenile body size in a Southern Hemisphere passerine bird
Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Helen L. Osmond and Andrew Cockburn
景觀破碎度會影響鳥類群落對氣候變化的響應
Landscape fragmentation affects responses of avian communities to climate change
Marta A. Jarzyna, William F. Porter, Brian A. Maurer, Benjamin Zuckerberg and Andrew O. Finley
代間轉移可塑性(母體效應)能夠緩解全球變暖對後代的性別比例的影響
Transgenerational plasticity mitigates the impact of global warming to offspring sex ratios
Jennifer M. Donelson and Philip L. Munday
全球變暖威脅海龜的生存以及海龜的性別決定
Climate change overruns resilience conferred by temperature-dependent sex determination in sea turtles and threatens their survival
José L. J. Ledesma, Thomas Grabs, Kevin H. Bishop, Sherry L. Schiff and Stephan J. Köhler
低氧限制海洋動物分布以及影響淺海系統群落結構
Oxygen limitations on marine animal distributions and the collapse of epibenthic community structure during shoaling hypoxia
Jackson W. F. Chu and Verena Tunnicliffe
模擬優勢種的分布能夠更完整的預測氣候變化下紅樹林生態系統的變化
Modelling both dominance and species distribution provides a more complete picture of changes to mangrove ecosystems under climate change
Beth Crase, Peter A. Vesk, Adam Liedloff and Brendan A. Wintle
應用模型來預測氣候變化下風對紐西蘭的種植森林的擾動影響增加
Modelling the influence of predicted future climate change on the risk of wind damage within New Zealand's planted forests
John R. Moore and Michael S. Watt
移走食草動物和氮沉降的共同作用能增加陸地碳儲存
Combination of herbivore removal and nitrogen deposition increases upland carbon storage
Stuart W. Smith, David Johnson, Samuel L. O. Quin, Kyle Munro, Robin J. Pakeman, René van der Wal and Sarah J. Woodin
東歐森林變化及其對碳預算的影響
Forest transitions in Eastern Europe and their effects on carbon budgets
Tobias Kuemmerle, Jed O. Kaplan, Alexander V. Prishchepov, Ilya Rylsky, Oleh Chaskovskyy, Vladimir S. Tikunov and Daniel Müller
物候可塑性並不能促進所有物種對氣候變化的適應
Phenological plasticity will not help all species adapt to climate change
Anne Duputié, Alexis Rutschmann, Ophélie Ronce and Isabelle Chuine
美國西部樹皮甲蟲暴發對碳釋放的影響
Large carbon release legacy from bark beetle outbreaks across Western United States
Lieneke M. Verheijen, Rien Aerts, Victor Brovkin, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Jens Kattge and Peter M. van Bodegom
在大豆生長階段早期施加熱浪會造成嚴重的產量損失
Heat waves imposed during early pod development in soybean (Glycine max) cause significant yield loss despite a rapid recovery from oxidative stress
Bardan Ghimire, Christopher A. Williams, G. James Collatz, Melanie Vanderhoof, John Rogan, Dominik Kulakowski and Jeffrey G. Masek
升高溫度會降低植物腐生菌的適應度
Changing fitness of a necrotrophic plant pathogen under increasing temperature
Rosalie Sabburg, Friday Obanor, Elizabeth Aitken and Sukumar Chakraborty
CO2濃度升高限制陸地植物對氮的吸收
Constraints to nitrogen acquisition of terrestrial plants under elevated CO2
Zhaozhong Feng, Tobias Rütting, Håkan Pleijel, Göran Wallin, Peter B. Reich, Claudia I. Kammann, Paul C.D. Newton, Kazuhiko Kobayashi, Yunjian Luo and Johan Uddling
人為氮沉降增加北方土壤的碳固定
Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition enhances carbon sequestration in boreal soils
Nadia I. Maaroufi, Annika Nordin, Niles J. Hasselquist, Lisbet H. Bach, Kristin Palmqvist and Michael J. Gundale
針對碳封存的土壤管理策略是有效的,減少土壤侵蝕以及水土流失損失可以平衡潛在的碳吸收,尤其是在坡耕地地區。
Modelling the impact of agricultural management on soil carbon stocks at the regional scale: the role of lateral fluxes
Elisabet Nadeu, Anne Gobin, Peter Fiener, Bas van Wesemael and Kristof van Oost
應用穩定碳同位素技術分析北方黑雲杉森林的乾旱脅迫
Stable carbon isotope analysis reveals widespread drought stress in boreal black spruce forests
Xanthe J. Walker, Michelle C. Mack and Jill F. Johnstone
僅僅溫度變化並不能解釋實驗增溫下不同溫帶植物的物候變化
Temperature alone does not explain phenological variation of diverse temperate plants under experimental warming
Renée M. Marchin, Carl F. Salk, William A. Hoffmann and Robert R. Dunn
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