前言：應廣大微信讀者需求，上海青少年科學社特開闢科技英語專欄。介紹當下最前沿最熱門的科技資訊，幫助大家熟悉了解科技英語。本期版塊設有：雙語閱讀，科技詞彙，互動問答。答案將在下期公布。
雙語閱讀If you are at all interested in astronomy, chances are you've already heard that the Hubble Space Telescope celebrated its 25th anniversary last week. What some people may not know is that Hubble is one of four siblings, so to speak. Back in the 1980s, NASA commissioned the "Great Observatories," each designed and built to study different wavelengths of light.
若你對天文感興趣，那麼你可能已經聽說哈勃太空望遠鏡在上周慶祝了成立25周年。而你可能不知道，哈勃是四個太空望遠鏡家族的成員之一。早在上世紀80年代，美國航空航天局委託設計並建造了「大天文臺」，四個研究不同波長的光的望遠鏡。
The Electromagnetic Spectrum. NASA's Great Observatories (Compton, Chandra, Hubble and Spitzer) and the electromagnetic thermometer scale. (Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
電磁波譜。美國宇航局的大天文臺（康普頓γ射線天文臺、錢德拉X射線天文臺、哈勃太空望遠鏡、斯皮策太空望遠鏡）和電磁溫度計。
The four Great Observatories, in order of their launches that took place between 1990 and 2003, are Hubble, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
這四大天文臺按照從1990年至2003年的推出時間排序，分別是哈勃太空望遠鏡、康普頓γ射線天文臺，錢德拉X射線天文臺和斯皮策太空望遠鏡。
A photo of the Hubble Space Telescope, doing its job in space. Credit: NASA
哈勃太空望遠鏡進行工作空間的照片。
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope was launched on April 24, 1990. Hubble has four main scientific instruments that allow it to observe not only in visible light but also near ultraviolet and near infrared. Hubble helped determine how old our Universe is, what quasars are, and also helped discover "dark energy."
美國航空航天局的哈勃太空望遠鏡於1990年4月24日推出使用。哈勃主要有四個科學儀器，可以用來觀測可見光，還能觀測近紫外光和近紅外光。哈勃幫助確定宇宙的年紀、幫助判斷屬於哪類星體，並幫助發現「暗能量」。
The space shuttle crew took a photo of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as the satellite was deployed, with Earth visible beneath it. Credit: NASA/MSFC
太空梭機組人員拍攝了一張康普頓γ射線天文臺部署時的照片，可以看到地球在它下面。
In 1991, NASA launched a satellite into space carrying the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). The goal of Compton was to study gamma rays from objects far out into space. Gamma ray telescopes can study incredibly exotic objects such as blazars, magnetars, cosmic rays, and dark matter. Compton operated in space until when NASA intentionally sent it into the Earth's ocean in 2000.
1991年，美國航空航天局發射一顆搭載了康普頓γ射線天文臺（CGRO）的衛星送入太空。康普頓的目標是研究來自遠太空的伽瑪射線。伽瑪射線望遠鏡可以研究奇特外來物體，如耀變體，磁星體，宇宙射線和暗物質。至2000年，康普頓一直在太空中運行，直到美國宇航局出於安全考慮將它葬送在了地球海洋。
An artist's illustration of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in space. Credit: NGST
藝術家繪製的太空中的錢德拉X射線天文臺。
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is a telescope specially designed to detect X-ray emission from very hot regions of the Universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Because X-rays are absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, Chandra must orbit above it, up to an altitude of 139,000 km (86,500 mi) in space. Chandra was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1999 and continues to be in excellent health and deliver incredible science over a decade and half later.
美國宇航局的錢德拉X射線天文臺是專門設計用來探測來自宇宙的極熱地區的X射線，如來自爆炸後的恆星，星系團，和黑洞周圍的物質。因為X射線會被地球大氣吸收，錢德拉必須在其上方運行，空間高度達139,000公裡（86,500英裡）。錢德拉於1999年搭載哥倫比亞號太空梭發射，目前仍非常健康，歷經十餘年仍可提供驚人的科學數據。
An artist's illustration of the Spitzer Space Telescope in orbit. Credit: NASA
藝術家繪製的軌道上運行的斯皮策太空望遠鏡。
The last of the Great Observatories, the Spitzer Space Telescope, was launched into orbit in 2003. Spitzer is designed to detect infrared light, which is primarily radiation from heat. This gives Spitzer the ability to study objects like brown dwarfs (failed stars), extrasolar planets, giant clouds of gas and dust, and organic molecules that may hold the key to life in the Universe.
最後一個大天文臺斯皮策太空望遠鏡於2003年被發射進入軌道。 斯皮策旨在探測紅外光，主要是熱輻射。這讓斯皮策可以研究諸如褐矮星（不合格的恆星），太陽系外行星，由氣體和塵埃組成的巨形雲團、掌握宇宙生命的關鍵的有機分子。
Over the years, astronomers have used often used data from these telescopes together. Not only does this reap incredible scientific rewards, the combined datasets from the different observatories often make spectacular images that help all viewers get a more complete picture of our fascinating Universe. (Astronomers call images with different types of light "multiwavelength" images because each type of light encompasses different sets of wavelengths.) We think this may be a perfect example of Aristotle's old adage that the whole is truly greater than the sum of its parts.
多年來，天文學家會將來自這些望遠鏡的常用數據結合起來使用。這樣不僅可以收穫驚人科學成就，而且不同的觀測數據結合起來能夠得到更加壯觀的畫面，幫助人們更加全面了解迷人宇宙。（天文學家將不同類型的光的圖像稱作「多波長」圖像，因為每種類型的光均有不同波長）。人們認為這可能是亞里斯多德的一句老話的很好例證，即整體要比部分總和真的大得多。
With that, we've selected some of our favorite multiwavelength images with Hubble, Chandra and Spitzer data (and listed the colors that each image is shown in). Each type of light brings a new piece of the puzzle in the quest to understand the cosmos we live in. We hope there will be many more years to see our Universe in a whole new light.
我們以此選擇了部分受歡迎的的多波段圖像，數據來自哈勃，錢德拉和斯皮策（並列出圖片顯示的顏色）。每種類型的光都是解開我們所處的宇宙謎題的一塊新的拼圖。希望很多年以後，能夠看到處於全新的光之下的宇宙。
NGC 6388 is a globular cluster about 35,000 light years from Earth. In this image, the Hubble data is colored in red, green and blue, with X-ray data from Chandra in pink.
NGC6388是地球約35000光年外的球狀星團。圖像中，紅色、藍色、綠色為哈勃的數據，粉紅色為錢德拉X射線的數據。
MACS J0416.1-2403 is a galaxy cluster about 4.29 billion light years from Earth. In the image, Hubble data is colored red, green and blue, with a lensing map in blue, and the Chandra X-ray data is colored pink.
MACS J0416.1-2403是地球約42.9億光年外的星團。圖像中，紅色、藍色、綠色以及藍色鏡譜為哈勃的數據，粉紅色為錢德拉X射線的數據。
NGC 602 is a cluster of young stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), one of the closest galaxies to our Milky Way. The Hubble image is shown in red, green and blue with Chandra information colored purple and Spitzer colored red.
NGC602是小麥哲倫星雲（SMC）裡年輕的星雲，也是距離銀河系最新的其中一個集群。紅色、藍色、綠色為哈勃的數據，紫色為錢德拉X射線的數據，部分紅色為斯皮策的數據。
NGC 2392 is a star like our Sun that is in the end phase of its life, situated about 4,200 light years from Earth. The Hubble optical data is shown in red, green and blue with the Chandra X-ray data in pink.
NGC2392是類似太陽的星體，已處於生命最後階段，來自地球外約有4200光年。紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，粉紅色為錢德拉X射線數據。
NGC 922 is a ring galaxy about 157 million light years from Earth. In this image, Hubble information is colored red, green and blue with Chandra X-ray information in red.
NGC922是地球外157萬光年的環星系。圖像中，紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，部分紅色為錢德拉X射線數據。
NGC 6543 (also known as the Cat's Eye) is a planetary nebulas located less than 5.000 light years from Earth. The Hubble optical image is shown in red, green and blue, with the Chandra X-ray image overlaid in purple.
NGC6543（又名「貓眼」）是地球外5000光年內的行星狀星雲。紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，紫色為錢德拉X射線數據。
VV 340 is a pair of galaxies located about 450 million light years from Earth. The Hubble image has been colored red, green and blue, and the Chandra X-ray image is depicted in purple.
VV340是地球外約450億光年的一對星系。紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，紫色為錢德拉X射線數據。
Arp 147 is a galaxy about 430 million light years from Earth. In this image, the Hubble data has been colored red, green and blue, and the Chandra X-ray data has been colored magenta.
Arp147是地球外約430萬光年的星系。圖像中，紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，洋紅色為錢德拉X射線數據。
SNR 0509-67.5 is a supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which lies about 160,000 light years from Earth. The Hubble image is depicted in orange, red and violet with the Chandra X-ray image overlaid in green and blue.
SNR0509-67.5在大麥哲倫星雲的一個超新星遺蹟，它位於地球外約16萬光年。橘色，紅色和紫羅蘭色為哈勃光學數據，綠色和藍色為錢德拉X射線數據。
NGC 6240 is a galaxy about 330 million light years from Earth. Hubble data is shown in red, green and blue and is overlaid with Chandra data depicted in orange and cyan.
NGC6240是地球外約330億光年的星系。紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，覆蓋的橘色、青綠色為錢德拉X射線數據。
E0102, officially known as 1E0102.2-7219, is a supernova remnant in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Hubble's image in red, green and blue has been overlaid with Chandra's image in blue, cyan and orange.
E0102，正式名稱為1E0102.2-7219，是小麥哲倫星雲中的超新星遺蹟。紅色，綠色和藍色為哈勃光學數據，覆蓋的藍色、青綠色、橘色為錢德拉X射線數據。
MACSJ0717.5+3745 is one of the most complex galaxy clusters known, located about 5.4 billion light years from Earth. The Hubble data is colored in cyan and yellow, with the Chandra data in blue and violet.
MACSJ0717.5+3745是已知的最複雜的星系團，位於地球外約5.4十億光年。青色和黃色為哈勃的數據，藍色和紫羅蘭色的錢德拉的數據。
The Orion Nebula is a rich cluster of young stars about 1,500 light years from Earth. Hubble's image is shown in red and purple, and Chandra's X-ray image is shown in blue, yellow and orange.
獵戶座星雲是地球外約1500光年的年輕恆星群集。紅色和紫色為哈勃的數據，藍色、黃色和橙色為錢德拉的數據。
1E 0657-56 (also known as the Bullet Cluster) is the site of a collision between two large galaxy clusters about 3.4 billion light years from Earth. Hubble data is shown in white and orange with the lensing map in blue, and Chandra data is shown in pink.
1E0657-56（又稱子彈集群）是地球外約34億光年的兩個大星系群間發生碰撞的地方。白色和帶藍色的邊緣的橘色為哈勃的數據，粉色為錢德拉的數據。
N132D is a supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud, about 160,000 light years from Earth. Hubble's image is colored in pink and purple with Chandra's image in blue.
N132D是地球外約16萬光年的大麥哲倫星雲的一個超新星遺蹟。粉色和紫色為哈勃的數據，藍色為錢德拉的數據。
視頻介紹：哈勃太空望遠鏡成立25周年
科技詞彙Astronomy 天文
Hubble Space Telescope 哈勃太空望遠鏡
Sibling 同胞
Observatory 天文臺
Wavelength 波長
Electromagnetic 電磁的
Spectrum 譜
Thermometer 溫度計
Instrument 儀器
Near Ultraviolet 近紫外光
Near Infrared 近紅外光
Quasar 恆星狀球體
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 康普頓γ射線天文臺
Blazar 耀變體
Magnetar 磁星體
Chandra X-ray Observatory 錢德拉X射線天文臺
Clusters 串、群
Galaxy 星系
Black hole 黑洞
Orbit 沿軌道飛行
Spitzer Space Telescope 斯皮策太空望遠鏡
Radiation 輻射
Brown dwarf 褐矮星
互動問答
上期問題：3D列印的原理是什麼？
上期答案：3D印表機與普通印表機工作原理基本相同，只是列印材料有些不同，普通印表機的列印材料是墨水和紙張，而3D印表機內裝有金屬、陶瓷、塑料、砂等不同的「列印材料」，是實實在在的原材料，印表機與電腦連接後，通過電腦控制可以把「列印材料」一層層疊加起來，最終把計算機上的藍圖變成實物。通俗地說，3D印表機是可以「列印」出真實的3D物體的一種設備，比如列印一個機器人、列印玩具車，列印各種模型，甚至是食物等等。之所以通俗地稱其為「印表機」是參照了普通印表機的技術原理，因為分層加工的過程與噴墨列印十分相似。這項列印技術稱為3D立體列印技術。
本期問題：四大天文臺分別是哪些？他們是用來觀測哪些物質的？