「英語」完整講義(一)
Text A What Is a Decision ?
I.課文內容簡介
決策的目的是制定和實現組織目標。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標或目的的實現。作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關重要。決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標的順序和重要性也部分地基於決策者的價值觀。今天所作的決策可能會對將來產生深遠的影響。因此,有經驗的管理者能從當前決策看到將來的效果。
段落大意:課文分成三部分
第一、二段:決策的定義 The definition of decision
第三、四段:作決策的一般過程 The general process of making a decision
第五至九段:在管理層次上,多種因素影響決策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level
II.New Words
organizational a. 組織上的
goal n. 目的,目標
objective n./a. 目標,目的/客觀的,真實的
accomplish vt. 完成(任務等)
predict vt./vi. 預言;預示
accompany vt. 伴隨,陪同
implement vt. 實現;完成
constraint n. 強制;強制因素
precedent n. 先例,前例
simplify vt. 簡化
tendency n. 趨勢,傾向
managerial a. 經理的,管理人的
maker n. 製造者;製造商
achievement n. 完成,達到
attain vt. 達到;完成
optimal a. 最適宜的,最理想的
suboptimization n. 局部最優化
trade-off n. 權衡;物物交換
argue vt./vi. 爭辯,爭論
budget n./vt. 預算
scheme n./vt.把… 編入預算
define vt. 解釋,給…下定義
multiple a./n.多樣的,複合的/倍數
profitability n. 賺錢,獲利
correctness n. 正確,正確性
unintended a. 非計劃中的,非故意的
ongoing a. 進行中的,非故意的
entity n. 存在,實體
skilled a. 熟練的;有技能的
in the way 擋路、礙事
to make a guess at 猜測
and the like 等等,諸如此類
to seek to 追求,爭取
in part 部分地,在某種程度上
point of view 觀點
詞彙精講
1.goal n. 目標,進球,球門(同義詞:aim ,end , purpose,objective)
Her goal is a place at university . 她的目標是在大學任教。
2.objective : n./a. 目的;目標(尤指較長遠的目標);宗旨/客觀的,如實的
派生詞:object n. 物體
反義詞:subjective n./a. 主語;主觀事物;/ 主觀的,
用法: Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標是接受大學教育。
If you don't work hard, you'll never achieve your objectives.
假如你不努力工作,你將永遠達不到目的。Achieve表示較難達到的目標。
It is an objective report. 這是一篇如實的報導。
3.accomplish v. 完成(任務)等
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .
學生們在不到10分鐘內完成了任務。
4.predict : v 預言,預示,預告
同義詞:forecast v. 預測,預報
It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預見這件事何時發生。
5.accompany : v. 伴隨,陪同
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗做伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的訂貨單必須隨付現金。
派生詞: company n. 公司; v. 陪伴
6.implement v.實施,履行(諾言)等
The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.
委員會的意見將立即貫徹執行。
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
對全國醫療體系的改革將在明年進行。
7.constraint n. 限制,約束
They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer
他們說了實話但是有所保留(是被迫的)。語法規則的限制(約束)
8.tendency : n. 趨勢,傾向
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人們在家裡而不是在辦公室裡工作的趨勢日益增長。
派生詞:tend v. 趨向,傾向用法:tend to do sth.
He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .
當人們不同意他的意見時,他很容易生氣。
9.achievement n. 完成,成就,
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .
對一個如此年輕的人來說,獲得奧運會銀牌是個了不起的成就。
派生詞:achieve v. 完成,做到,達到(目的),實現,獲得
He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .
如果他不努力,將會永遠達不到目的。
10.attain : v. 達到;獲得(長期努力後而獲得)同義詞:obtain, get
用法: She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定決心要達到生活中的目標。
The apple tree has attained to a great height. 蘋果樹已長得很高了。
11.optimal adj 最佳的
The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。
12.argue : vt./vi. 爭辯,爭論,辯論
用法:
作不及物動詞用時,後邊可以接with, about 或over(就…爭論),for (贊成)或against (反對)
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她總喜歡為極小的問題進行爭論。
He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學。
He argued for immediate action . 他主張立即行動。
They argued against such a policy. 他們反對這種政策。
作及物動詞時,表示「說服、用辯論證明」的意思
I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我說服他不做這樣危險的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。
13.scheme n 計劃方案
He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .
他制定了一個在20歲之前發財的瘋狂計劃。
14.multiple adj 多樣的複合的
What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .
一個人下一步會做什麼是他受到的多種影響的結果。
15.ongoing adj 進行中的,前進的
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .
目前還沒有達成任何協議,談判仍在進行。
16.entity n 存在實體
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .
他把這個國家的北方看成一個單獨的文化實體。
17.skilled adj 熟練的,有技能的
My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .
我母親非常擅長做衣服。
Phrases and Expressions
1.(stand, get, be ) in the way 礙事,擋道的;妨礙人的
If you are not going to help, at least don't get in the way!如果你不願幫忙,至少別妨礙人家。
The chair is in the way, please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路,請把它移開。
相關短語:
in a way 在某種程度上;在某些方面;從某一點上看
in no way 決不;一點也不;
in the way of 按照;就…。而言
by way of 取道,經由
by the way 順便問一下
2.to make a guess at 猜測
You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本來能夠猜到她是誰。
Can you make a guess at the price ?你猜得出價錢嗎?
3.to seek to(inf)尋求,爭取
Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .
發電站正在設法減少石油的使用
4.in part :部分地;有些部分;在某種程度上
This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由於財政困難。
The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責任在我。
5.point of view 視點,視角
The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.
這本書從一個學生的視角來看大學生活。
6.to vary from …to … 從…到…不同,因… 而異
Salary scales vary from state to state.
工資級別因州而異。
7.contribute … to 把… 貢獻給…。
We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我們畢業後將為此事業作貢獻。
contribute to 導致
Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸菸是導致肺癌的主要因素。
8.be beneficial to 對… 有利
Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利於我們的健康。
Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.
朗讀(背誦)短文段落對提高英語口語有利。