2018高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題專題突破2018高考英語二輪複習之閱讀理解猜測詞意
Step1猜測詞義常見設問方式
1. Which of the following is the nearest in meaning to 「 』』?
2. What does the author probably mean by 「 』』?
3. The word 「 』』 in the contest means _____.
4. The term can be best replaced by _____.
5. The word 「 』』 probably refers to ____.
6. As used in the line … the word 「 』』 refers to ______.
7. According to the passage, the word 「 』』 is known as_____.
8. The passage use the word 「 』』 to refer to ____
9. According to the author, the underlined word 「 』』 means____.
10. From the context/ passage, we can infer that the word 「 』』 means _____.
在詞義猜測題中，有些詞彙並非生詞，只需要根據上下文去推測它應在文章中的具體含義，或找出其指代對象。做這類題，應仔細閱讀出現該詞的上下文，文章中往往會對這類詞或短語進行重複解釋或概括歸納。因此答案往往可從文章中找出或推測出。
Step2. 方法探究
1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls』 coin collection. 「We』ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,」 she explains. 「That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.」
The underlined word 「pesetas」 in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.
A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin
2. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.
The underlined word 「donation」 in Para.3 probably means ______.
A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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3. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
4. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (軍用物資),while others carried only passengers.
5. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (黴菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.
6. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
7. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always takes away things from the shop without paying for them.
【思考歸納】這幾道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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8. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
From the passage, we can infer that the word 「autocratic』』 means ______
A. friendly to others B. modest and kindly
C. sticking to one’s own opinion D. hard-working
9. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.
What does the word 「jazz」 mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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10. 「Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.」
The underlined word 「cultivated」 (Paragraph 1) roughly means ______.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
11. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
According to the author, the underlined word static means ______.
A. unchangeable B. inactive C. respective D. widespread
12. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population,’s population is quite homogeneous.
【思考歸納】這三道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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13. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in thetoday. The main reason? Roadkill.
14. Mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.
【思考歸納】這道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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15. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.
16. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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17. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
18. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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19. 下題中劃線的詞可換為：
New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.
A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack
【思考歸納】這道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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20. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
The underlined phrase 「mopping up 」 in the second paragraph means _______.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up
21. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, 「Very dirty floor.」
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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22. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
23. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.
The underlined work 「aging」 means ______.
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the numbers of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone looking older
【思考歸納】這兩道題你是如何得出答案的？從中你有什麼啟發和收穫？跟大家分享一下。
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檢測反饋
運用方法探究中學到的技巧，快來一試身手吧！看誰做得又快又好！
A
I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly. As a doctor, mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it, from the baby’s point of view.
Mothers, doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby’s blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.
It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr. Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I』ve never heard anything so ridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn’t follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way, though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.
Well, at last we have copper-bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7, 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ（智商）scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample（樣本）of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s,taking account of parental education, family income, a child’s sex and age, the mother’s health and feeling style. These results don’t surprise me. Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.
I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeling practices.
小題1:What does the author think about Dr King?
A．He is strict
B．He is unkind
C．He has the wrong idea.
D．He sets a timetable for mothers
小題2:The word copper-bottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _________
A．basic B．reliable C．surprising D．interesting
小題3:What does the research tell us about feeling a baby on demand?
A．The baby will sleep well.
B．The baby will have its brain harmed.
C．The baby will have a low blood sugar level.
D．The baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8.
小題4:The author supports feeling the baby_______.
A．in the night
B．every four hours
C．whenever it wants food
D．according to its blood sugar level
B
For high school leavers starting out in the working world，it is very important to learn particular skills and practice how to behave in an interview or how to find all internship(實習). In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work. In the Unites States，however，such programs are still few and far between. Research shows that if high schools provide career-related courses，students are likely to get higher earnings in later years. The students are more likely to stay in school，graduate and go on to higher education. In Germany，students as young as 13 and 14 are expected to do internships. German companies work with schools to make sure that young people get the education they need for future employment. But in, education reform programs focus on how well students do in exams instead of bringing them into contact with the working world. Harvard Education school professor Robert Schwartz has criticized education reformers for trying to place all graduates directly on the four-year college track. Schwartz argued that this approach leaves the country’s most vulnerable(易受影響的)kids with no jobs and no skills. Schwartz believed that the best career programs encourage kids to go for higher education while also teaching them valuable practical skills at high sch001. James Madison High School in New York，for example，encourages students to choose classes on career—based courses. The school then helps them gain on—the-job experience in those fields while they’re still at high school. However, even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting. In the US，unemployment rates for 16-to 19-year-olds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row. 「The risk is that if teenagers miss out on the Summer job experience，they become part of this generation of teens who had trouble in landing a job，」said Michael，a researcher in the US. 小題1:According to Robert Schwartz，_________.
A．there is no need for kids to go for higher education in the US
B．students should get contact with the working world at high school
C．education reform should focus on students』performance in exams
D．teenagers in the US can’t miss out on the summer job experience
小題2:What’s the main idea of the text?
A．Arguments about recent US education reform.
B．Tips on finding jobs for high school leavers.
C．The lack of career-based courses in US high schools.
D．Advice for American high school leavers.
小題3:The underlined word 「daunting」 in Paragraph 5 most probably means___________.
A．discouraging B．interesting C．creative D．unbearable
解題指導
在詞義猜測題中，有些詞彙並非生詞，只需要根據上下文去推測它應在文章中的具體含義，或找出其指代對象。做這類題，應仔細閱讀出現該詞的上下文，文章中往往會對這類詞或短語進行重複解釋或概括歸納。因此答案往往可從文章中找出或推測出。
〖猜測詞義第一招〗利用上下文語境線索
任何一篇文中的句子在內容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點。
〖第二招〗利用定義和解釋性線索
閱讀文中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其後有對該詞進行解釋說明性的短語或句子，如to be, that is, mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現，或用破折號、括弧來表示。留心閱讀就可以斷定它們的意思。
〖第三招〗根據邏輯關係進行判斷。英語中句與句之間在語意上往往存在一些邏輯關係，如因果、對比、並列、轉折關係等。
因果關係的語境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等連詞體現。
〖第四招〗利用對比線索
有時文章作者為了增強表達效果，會用一對反義詞揭示事物的不同點，形成鮮明的對比，這時只要把握其中的一詞，就不難推出另一詞的含義，這時句中多見unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息詞。
〖第五招〗利用同義線索和同等關係
同義詞替換可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標誌性詞語有 or, like, similarly等。同等關係是指一個詞、一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且他們的詞義屬一範疇。只要我們認識其中一個或幾個詞或短語，即可確定同等關係中生詞的詞性，作用和大概意思。
〖第六招〗利用例證性線索
某些冷僻的詞彙後會舉一個例子，使詞彙具體易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等連接性詞語往往用來列舉說明前面較難理解的名詞。
〖第七招〗根據構詞法
閱讀中常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，可利用構詞法知識來推測其意思。《教學大綱》已經明確地將構詞法列在語法附表中，因此利用所學構詞法生成的詞不應被認定為生詞。
〖第八招〗注意熟詞生義
英語中大量的詞彙具有多義性，其含義並非完全等同於詞典所標註的漢語意思，具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現出來。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對生詞的數量有量的規定，不得超過3%；其二，熟悉詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟悉詞生義的數量沒有限制。如果這種現象在一篇文章中出現得多，那就更難理解了。
〖第九招〗根據常識或經驗猜測詞義
在閱讀中碰到生詞時，我們有時可以運用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經驗及生活常識去推斷生詞的含義。當然也要結合語境。
〖第十招〗
根據詞性轉化，猜測它在語境中的詞義
題目參考答案
1.D 2.B 3.老年綜合症 4 goods 5.抗生素 6 海洋生物學 7 商店裡偷竊的人 8 C 9D 10D 11A 12單一的 13虎貓an endangered wild cat
14教堂other public halls can 15期刊 16 會多國語言的人
17抗毒 18簡化的 19D 20B 21拖把 22作鬥爭 23C
第一篇
小題1:C小題2:B小題3:D小題4:C
試題分析：本文典型的議論文，論點是反對定期餵養嬰兒。論據：一是我們不知道嬰兒的血糖的情況。二是文中例舉了定期餵養的害處。三是實驗表明，按需餵養比定期餵養的孩子更聰明。結論:希望結束定期餵養的習慣。
小題1:細節理解題。根據I"ve never heard anything so ridiculous. wrong idea和ridiculous「荒謬的」兩者屬於同義重現，故選C。
小題2:詞義猜測題。basic基本的； reliable可靠的； surprising吃驚的； interesting有趣的。根據第四和第五段的實驗結果的具體描述可知，故選B。
小題3:細節理解題。根據The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7 , 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ（智商）scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. wiser更加聰明的，故選D。
小題4:細節理解題。根據I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly. whenever it wants food什麼時候需要就餵孩子，故選C。
點評：本段主要考查細節題。細節題通常採用詞語和句型轉換的形式來取代原文中的表述，命題者在出這類題時慣用「偷梁換柱、張冠李戴」的手法來迷惑考生，所以正確理解題幹和信息句的意義是關鍵。
第二篇小題1:B小題2:C小題3:A
試題分析：文章主要介紹了通過與德國的中學的情況的比較，來說明在美國中學裡，還是很缺乏有關職業生涯的基本課程。
小題1:考查細節理解題。根據第六段的even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting 看出答案是B
小題2:考查主旨大意題。文章第一段的In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work．In the Unites States，however，such programs are still few and far between 點出了主題，選C。
小題3:考查詞義猜測題。從下文的In the US，unemployment rates for 16-to 19-year-olds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row．可猜出詞義是discouraging。選A。
點評：文章兼顧細節題、主旨題、詞義猜測題的考查，在解答這類問題時要求學生抓住題幹文字信息，採用針對性方法進行閱讀，細節的答案在文章中可以直接找到，推理就要結合句子進行推理。