◆動詞在語法填空中的考查
在語法填空中，動詞的考查主要考慮時態、語態、非謂語動詞、語氣、主謂一致等。近三年全國卷最常考的謂語動詞是一般過去時或者主語是第三人稱單數的一般現在時，並會涉及主謂一致與虛擬語氣的考查，情態動詞還未考過；被動語態常會涉及一般現在時或一般過去時的被動語態；而非謂語動詞主要考查其基本形式：to do(即to＋原形)，doing(即-ing形式)，done(即-ed形式)。
應對策略
1.句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時態和語態。
(1)判斷時態首先要確定時間，然後根據動作發生的狀態來判斷應該運用哪種時態。有時也可以根據空格後和該句中已經存在的謂語動詞的並列關係來確定時態。
(2)句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關係，考慮根據時間和動作存在的方式，確定相應時態的被動語態。注意：只有及物動詞才有被動語態。
2.如果句中已有謂語動詞，並確定所給動詞要填寫為非謂語動詞，就要考慮是v.-ing形式、過去分詞形式還是動詞不定式。
分析非謂語動詞在句中作何成分，再根據各非謂語動詞的特點確定填哪種形式。
(1)對於不定式的考查，需注意不定式的時態和語態，熟記常考的後跟不定式作賓語的動詞以及一些常考句式。
(2)現在分詞作狀語，表示方式、伴隨成自然而然的結果，且與句子主語構成邏輯上的主動關係。另外，現在分詞的一般式作狀語，往往表示動作與謂語動詞同時或相繼發生；現在分詞的完成式作時間狀語，往往表示動作先於謂語動詞發生。現在分詞作定語表示動作的主動或正在進行；動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習慣性動作；此外，應熟記能用動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語。
(3)過去分詞可作狀語、定語或補足語，表示被動與完成；若作表語常考形容詞化的過去分詞；過去分詞不可作主語或賓語。
(4)獨立主格結構的非謂語動詞要考慮與其邏輯主語的關係，with複合結構的非謂語動詞要考慮與複合賓語的邏輯關係。
3.對於情態動詞在語法填空中的考查，主要注意情態動詞的一般用法以及「情態動詞＋have done」；而對於虛擬語氣的考查除了注意情態動詞的選用，還需注意一般過去時與過去完成時在虛擬語氣中的考查。
◆動詞在短文改錯中的考查
短文改錯中對於謂語動詞的考查點常會涉及上下文時態不一致、被動語態漏掉be動詞或過去分詞與過去式混淆錯誤，句中出現多個謂語動詞且無連詞的錯誤；非謂語動詞形式錯誤常會涉及本該用不定式或動名詞卻用了動詞原形，不定式符號to的多用或少用也常考，在介詞或某些動詞後本應接動名詞的卻用了動詞原形、本應用現在分詞的卻用了過去分詞等。
情態動詞與虛擬語氣在短文改錯中的考查常涉及情態動詞後的動詞形式錯誤或be動詞遺漏，情態動詞混用或虛擬語氣中情態動詞以及時態的錯用。
應對策略
做動詞類改錯題時，需注意以下幾個方面：
1.判斷一般現在時與一般過去時是否錯用；
2.and，but，so，or等並列連詞前後的時態是否一致；
3.除了時態，還要注意主謂是否一致，尤其是第三人稱單數形式是否錯用；
4.看謂語部分是否缺少動詞，特別是be動詞；
5.看主動語態和被動語態是否錯用；
6.作主語或賓語不能用動詞原形，通常改為-ing形式或不定式；
7.熟記其後只能接-ing或只能接to do作賓語的動詞；
8.介詞後要用動詞的-ing形式。注意區分to是介詞還是不定式符號；
9.熟記一些固定短語和句式中的非謂語動詞形式；
10.根據非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關係來確定用-ing形式還是用-ed形式；
11.別混淆謂語動詞與非謂語動詞；
12.看句中情態動詞是否運用正確；
13.看是否考查虛擬語氣；若是考查虛擬語氣，注意分清主句與分句中的時態關係以及不同句式中的虛擬語氣構成形式。
專題1 動詞的時態和語態
考向1動詞的時態
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.Sarah says，「My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school comes(come) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling...」(2017·全國Ⅲ)
解析 此處為陳述客觀事實，故用一般現在時。
2.Pahlsson and her husband searched(search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing.(2017·浙江)
解析 該句中but後的turned up使用了過去式，search是與之並列的謂語動詞，故也應使用過去式。
3.However，it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then，after two and a half years，the mother drove(drive) the young panda away.(2016·四川)
解析 文章敘述了熊貓媽媽對孩子的照顧，用了一般過去時，空格處也需用一般過去時且為主動形式，故用drive的過去式drove。
4.This cycle goes(go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.(2015·全國Ⅱ)
解析 此處指這種循環日復一日地不斷持續下去，由冒號後內容的時態可知這種情況是客觀事實，故用一般現在時態。
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)
1.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind blank.(2017·全國Ⅰ)
解析 文章描述過去的經歷，上文使用了相應的過去時態，這裡應保持一致，用一般過去時，所以把goes改為went。
2.When summer ，they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables! (2017·全國Ⅱ)
解析 該句為when引導的時間狀語從句，主句用的將來時，從句通常用一般現在時表示將來。
3.I grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.(2017·全國Ⅲ)
解析 由in the past few years可知句子要用現在完成時。
4.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even to wait outside.My uncle tells me that...(2016·全國Ⅰ)
解析 根據上下文語境可知此處要用一般現在時。
5.I that it is a good idea.It does not cost much，yet we can still learn a lot.(2016·全國Ⅱ)
解析 句意為：我認為這是一個好主意。根據下文可知，此處並不是過去的看法，而是現在的看法。
6.At first，I thought I knew everything...However，my parents didn’t seem to think so.They always me what to do and how to do it.(2016·全國Ⅲ)
解析 根據上文可知此處應用一般過去時態。
7.While they ，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.(2016·浙江)
解析 根據主句內容my father would lift my sister 可知while引導的時間狀語從句用一般過去時。故把chat改為chatted。
8.Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother’s Day.We up early in the morning.Dad cleaned the house，and then went shopping.(2016·四川)
解析 由前句中的planned和後句中的cleaned，went可知此處用一般過去時。
9.A woman saw him crying and him to wait outside the shop.(2015·全國Ⅱ)
解析 句子的主語為A woman，謂語為saw，crying為賓補，由句意可知，and連接的是兩個謂語，而不是兩個賓補，所以把telling改為told。
10.Tony was scared and to cry.(2015·全國Ⅱ)
解析 was scared 與 begun是由and連接的兩個並列謂語，由was scared可知應用一般過去時，begin的過去式是began，begun是其過去分詞，所以把begun改為began。
考向2動詞的語態
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.When fat and salt are removed(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.
(2017·全國Ⅰ)
解析 根據語境可知此處用一般現在時，由於主語fat and salt是複數概念，且與remove是被動關係，所以用一般現在時的被動語態結構are removed。
2.Sarah has been told/was told(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year. (2017·全國Ⅲ)
解析 根據語境，薩拉應該是「被告知」她能成為英國新的超模，可以用現在完成時或一般過去時。
3.So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I was allowed(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.(2016·全國Ⅰ)
解析 根據語境及allow sb.to do sth.這一用法可知，此處要用一般過去時的被動語態形式。
4.Truly elegant chopsticks might be made(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
(2016·全國Ⅲ)
解析 根據句意筷子是被製造的。此處為含有情態動詞的被動語態might be done。
5.The giant panda is loved(love) by people throughout the world.(2016·四川)
解析 大熊貓為世界各地的人們所喜愛是個客觀事實，故用一般現在時；panda此處表示單數概念，與love之間是被動關係。故填is loved。
6.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left(leave).(2015·廣東)
解析 句意為：除去在附近鎮上賣掉的或換其他食物的牛奶，剩下的他就用來製作奶酪和黃油。這裡what was left是一個賓語從句，根據句意可知用被動語態。
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)
1.About one month after this photo was ，I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.(2017·全國Ⅲ)
解析 被動語態的結構為「be＋及物動詞的過去分詞」，take的過去分詞是taken。
2.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are for cooking.
(2016·全國Ⅰ)
解析 fresh vegetables and high quality oil與use之間為被動關係。be used for被用於。
3.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015·全國Ⅰ)
解析 studies與show之間為主動關係，所以刪除been。
◆動詞的時態和語態的形式
謂語動詞的五種基本形式：
◆動詞時態的核心考點
1.一般現在時考點分析
(1)表示客觀事實或普遍真理(不受時態限制)。
Time and tide wait for no man.
(2)表示現狀、性質、狀態時多用系動詞或狀態動詞；表示經常或習慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。
Ice feels cold.
These oranges taste good.
They always care for each other and help each other.
(3)表示知覺、態度、感情、某種抽象的關係或概念的詞常用一般現在時，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。
He likes his bike.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
(4)在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現在時代替將來時。
I』ll write to her when I have time.
(5)少數用於表示起止或轉移等的動詞如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般現在時代替將來時，表示一個按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作。當be表示根據時間或事先安排肯定會出現的狀態時，只用一般現在時。
The shop closes at 11：00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2.一般過去時考點分析
(1)一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態，常與表示過去的具體時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示)；用於表達過去的習慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事。
We met her in the street yesterday.
When he was young，he took cold baths regularly.
I didn’t expect to see you studying at the library.
(2)如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，儘管從句中的動作先於主句發生，但從句中的謂語動詞仍用過去時。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
(3)表示兩個緊接著發生的動作，由以下詞語連接，常用一般過去時。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。
He bought a watch but lost it.
The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her.
(4)常用一般過去時的句型。
Why didn’t you think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
3.一般將來時考點分析
(1)表示未來的動作或狀態，常用will/shall＋動詞原形，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如：tomorrow，next week等。
We will have a meeting tomorrow.
(2)表示趨向行為的動詞如come，go，start，begin，leave等詞常用進行時的形式表示將來時。
The students are leaving on Sunday.
(3)一般將來時的其他表達方式be going to do，be to do，be about to do的用法及區別：
①be going to do在口語中常用來表示已經決定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能發生某事，也可用來表示自然現象。
The railway is going to be open on October 1st.
②be to do表示按計劃、安排即將發生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o』clock this afternoon.
You’re to be back before five o』clock.
③be about to do表示「即將，正要」，後面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
注意：be going to do表示現在打算在最近或將來要做某事，這種打算往往經過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備；shall/will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時做出的決定。be going to do表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will do則能，表意願。
If it is fine，we』ll go fishing.[√]
If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.[×]
4.現在進行時考點分析
(1)表示說話時正在發生著的一個動作；表示現階段但不一定是講話時正在進行的動作；表示近期特定的安排或計劃；go，come等表示移動的動詞可用進行時代替將來時；與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表示經常反覆的行為或某種感情色彩。
He is working on a paper.
She is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
The girl is always talking loud in public.
(2)下面四類動詞不宜用現在進行時。
①表示心理狀態、情感的動詞：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。
②表示存在狀態的動詞：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。
③表示行為結果的動詞：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。
④表示感官的動詞：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。
5.過去完成時考點分析
(1)常用過去完成時的幾種情況。
①在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since後接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句的句子中。
By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
②表示未曾實現的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動詞的過去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned...＋to have done。
We had planned to finish the work before dark，but we were held up by a heavy rain.
③「時間名詞＋before」在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；「時間名詞＋ago」在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去時。
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school three years ago.
④在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用過去完成時，表示「一……就……」。當hardly，scarcely，no sooner置於句首時，其後要用部分倒裝。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.＝No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
(2)在before或after引導的時間狀語從句中可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
6.過去將來時考點分析
過去將來時表示從過去的觀點來預計以後要發生的動作或存在的狀態，這種時態常用於賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時。
He always said that he would study hard at that time.
7.過去進行時考點分析
過去進行時表示在過去某個時刻或某個時間段內正在進行的動作或存在的狀態。
He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
8.現在完成時考點分析
(1)現在完成時除可以和for，since引導的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks...)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。
(2)下列句型中常用現在完成時。
It is(has been)＋一段時間＋since從句
This(That/It) is the first(second...) time that＋現在完成時
This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋現在完成時
(3)在時間或條件狀語從句中，現在完成時可以代替將來完成時。
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
9.注意幾組時態的區別
(1)一般過去時與現在完成時：
①時間上有差異：凡含有過去時間的，如ago，last year，just now，the other day等均用一般過去時，不能用現在完成時。
②結果上有差異：現在完成時強調的是對「現在」的影響和結果，動作到現在剛完成或還在繼續；一般過去時強調的是動作發生在「過去」，和現在毫無關係。
(2)過去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強調的是「過去的過去」；如出現同一主語連續幾個動作(「連謂」)的形式則只用一般過去時即可。
◆動詞被動語態的核心考點
動詞的被動語態的構成方式：be＋過去分詞，口語中也用「get/become＋過去分詞」表示。被動語態的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執行者是誰時用被動語態；強調或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(by短語有時可以省略)。
1.使用被動語態時應注意的幾個問題
(1)主動變為被動時雙賓語的變化。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
(2)主動變為被動時，賓語成主語；(作補語的)不定式前需加to(位置不變)。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long (by the boss).
(3)短語動詞變被動語態時，勿要掉「尾巴」。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
(4)情態動詞，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等結構變為被動語態時，只需將它們後面的動詞原形變為「be＋過去分詞」。
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
(5)當句子的謂語為say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等時，被動語態有兩種形式：①謂語動詞用被動語態，動詞不定式作主補。②用it作形式主語，真正的主語在後面用主語從句來表示。
類似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that...
2.不能用被動語態的幾種情況
(1)所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用於被動語態之中。
(2)表示狀態的謂語動詞，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。
(3)表示歸屬的動詞，如have，own，belong to等。
(4)表示「希望、意圖、喜好」的動詞，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。
(5)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態，不能用被動語態。
(6)賓語是同源賓語、不定式、動名詞等，謂語動詞不用被動語態。
3.主動形式表被動意義
(1)當feel，look，smell，taste，sound等後面接形容詞時；當cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作為不及物動詞表示主語內在「品質」或「性能」時；當動詞表示「開始、結束、關、停、轉、啟動」等意義時。
The fish smells good.
This kind of cloth washes easily.
These novels won’t sell well.
My pen writes smoothly.
The door won’t lock.
(2)當happen，occur，break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等動詞(短語)表示「發生、關閉、制定」等意思時。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turned off.
(3)want，require，need後面的動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義。
(4)be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。
(5)在「be＋形容詞＋to do」中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
注意：be to blame(受譴責)，be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動。
4.被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況
be seated坐著；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿著
5.被動語態與系表結構的區別
此處的系表結構指「連繫動詞＋用作表語的過去分詞」結構，它與被動語態的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區別：
被動語態強調動作；系表結構表示主語的特點或狀態。
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態)
The book is well sold.(系表結構)
題組一 動詞時態集訓
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.Being too anxious to help an event develop often results(result) in the contrary to our intention.
2.By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get(get) cold.
3.I』ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing(do).
4.Did you predict that many students would sign(sign) up for the dance competition?
5.In order to find the missing child，villagers have been doing(do) all they can over the past five hours.
6.This is the first time we have seen(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)
1.As I you last time，I made three new friends here.
2.The teacher told us that the sun in the east.
3.I was only four when she away.
4.I knew that they be worried about me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.
5.Thank you for all you done for me.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you.
題組二 動詞被動語態集訓
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌詞) are spoken(speak) in the background of the songs.
2.Such a thing has never been heard(hear) of before.
3.Don’t worry.The hard work that you do now will be repaid(repay) later in life.
4.Great changes have taken(take) place in our school since 2010.
5.The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project had been finished(finish) by the students independently.
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)
1.A talk on American culture will be in the school hall this weekend.
2.When you get the paper back，pay special attention to what have ∧been marked.
3.The baby was taken good care ∧of by the baby-sitter.
4.They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is ∧being rebuilt.
5.I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it.
Ⅲ.語法填空(動詞的時態和語態專練)
A university graduate described as a 「respectable and intelligent」 woman 1.is seeking(seek) professional help after being convicted of(證明有……罪) shoplifting for the second time in six months.
Aha Luz，recently studying for PhD 2.has been told(tell) she would end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops.
Luz，who 3.lives(live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road，Cambridge,4.admitted(admit) stealing clothes worth 9.95 pounds from Lewis in Oxford Street，London，on March 9.
Philip Lomoyne，prosecuting(起訴)，said Luz 5.selected(select) some clothes from a display and 6.took(take) them to the ladies』 toilet in the store.When she came out again she 7.was wearing(wear) one of the skirts she 8.had selected(select)，having taken off the anti-theft security alarm.
She 9.was stopped(stop) and caught after leaving the store without paying，Mr Lomoyne said.He added that she was upset on her arrest and 10.apologized(apologize) for her actions