塑料和橡膠給產品設計提供了無限的可能；千千萬萬種塑料和橡膠製品充斥著我們的生活，給設計師，製造商和用戶帶來了獨特的優勢。我們往往通過大批量生產來降低塑料製品的成本，但是製造仍然希望塑料的價值可以緊跟自然材料，因此合成塑料也慢慢的進入人們的生活，在觸覺和視覺上模仿絲織，皮質和天然橡膠。
There is an almost unlimited choice of plastics and rubbers, many thousand of different types surround us in our everyday lives. They offer unique benefits for designers, manufacturers and users. Certain types can outperform metals in many applications. They are produced in large quantities to reduce cost, but we still hold onto the values associated with natural materials. Therefore, over the year synthetic plastics have been engineered to look and feel like silk, leather and natural rubber.
塑料的種類
塑料由高分子聚合物構成（鏈狀的重複單元），簡稱高聚物。而合成塑料由石油化學工廠生產。那些不經過石油化學提煉塑形的天然高聚物，我們則稱之為有機塑料，有機塑料含有澱粉，葡萄糖和天然橡膠。有機塑料作為可以完全降解的原材料，不需要耗費太多的精力生產。
而通過添加具有生物活性的複合物，不同等級的合成塑料也可以在特定的時間段進行降解，這種複合物不會影響塑料的物理特性，但是可以讓有機塑料在1-5年內被地下的微生物消化，很多產品應用了這種塑料，如玻璃瓶，食物託盤和垃圾袋。
TYPES OF PLASTIC
Plastics are made up of polymers, long chains of repeating units, which occur naturally. synthetic plastics are produced by the petrochemical industry. some natural polymers are refined and molded without the addition of petrochemicals. these are known as bioplastics, and they include starch - based. cellulose-based and natural rubber materials Bioplasticsrequire less energy to produce as raw materials and are fully biodegradable at the end of their useful life.
There are also grades of synthetic plastics available that have been modified to break down within a specified time period. this is made possible by the addition of bioactive compounds, which do not affect the physical qualities of the plastic but enable it to be digested by microorganisms in the ground within1 to 5 years. products made with this material include some clear plastic bottles,food trays and refuse bags.
合成塑料分為2種：
1. 熱塑性塑料
2. 熱固性塑料
以上二者沒有明顯的界限，因為某些材料可以既是熱塑性塑料，也可以是熱固性塑料，取決於他們內部的高聚物結構。例如：聚酯和聚亞安脂，材料可以進行合成，成為二者的複合材料。
如果一定要給二者進行區分，那麼區別就在於熱塑性塑料的高聚物鏈之間是交叉相連，這是一種更加牢固的分子結構，有更高的抗熱性和抗化學腐蝕性。這種交叉相連的分子鏈是不可逆的，不可以被重塑。
而熱塑性塑料可以被重塑多次（通過裁剪和粉碎處理，且不會影響材料的特性）。其中粉碎處理一般限制在15%之內，但是有些材料具有更高的百分比。
Synthetic plastics are divided into groups: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics thermosets, The distinction is not always clear-cut because some materials can be both thermoplastic and thermosetting depending on theirpolymeric structure. for instance, polyester and polyurethane Materials canalso be compounded to produce composites of both groups The defining difference between these 2 groups is that thermosetting plastics
form permanent cross - links between the polymer chains. this creates a more durable molecular structure that is generally more resistant to heat and chemicals the formation of cross-links means that the curing process is way.they cannot be remoldedThermoplastics can be remolded many times. off cuts and scrap regrind can be reprocessed with virgin material without a significant effect on the properties of the material regrind is typically limited to less than 15% but some materials may contain a much higher percentage.
熱塑性塑料通過分子結構和重量會被深層分類，通過不同的材料和生產方式，材料的結構或者結晶度是不同的，例如：如果PET可以快速冷卻，那其分子鏈會變得無序，隨機。而如果PET可以緩慢冷卻，他的分子鏈就會變成有序的結晶結構。具有無序分子鏈的塑料一般是透明的，且對周圍環境有較好的抵抗性。相對的，具有結晶分子結構的塑料具有良好的抗化學腐蝕性。
Thermoplastics are further categorized by molecular structure and weight the structure or crystallinity differs according to the type of material and method of manufacture. for example, if polyethylene terephthalatepet is cooled quickly the polymer chains form a random and amorphous structure. however. if it is allowed to cool slowly. the polymer chains form anorderly crystalline structure amorphous plastics tend to be transparent and have greater resistance to impact in contrast crystalline materials tend to have better resistance to chemicals.
多聚物可以組成共聚物和三元共聚物，例如：SAN和ABS。所有三類塑料（有機塑料，熱塑性塑料和熱固性塑料）都含有橡膠材質。橡膠根據他們的收縮程度進行分類，例如：熱塑性的橡膠（TPE）可以和固體熱塑性塑料一樣被融化處理。常常被用於二次注塑和多點注塑，從而提高固態熱屬性塑料的質量和特性。
和合成塑料一樣，合成橡膠也通過石油化學工廠進行生產。然而，天然橡膠（NR）是由從橡膠樹上提取的汁液製成的，常常用於貨運汽車和太空梭的輪胎。
Polymers are blended together to form Copolymers and Terpolymers such asm ABS. All 3 groups of plastic - bioplastics.thermoplastics and thermosets contain elastomeric rubber materials. Elastomers are characterized by their ability to stretch and return to theiroriginal shape. thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) can be melt processed in exactly the same way as rigid thermoplastics. they are frequently over - molded and multi-shot injection molded, onto rigid thermoplastic substrates to harness the qualities of both Like synthetic plastics, syntheticrubbers are produced by the petrochemical industry natural.on the other hand, is produced fr m a saptapped from the para rubber tree and is used to make products such as lorry and aeroplane tyres.
大多數塑料都可以製成泡沫，由特殊的吹制機構完成，根據可塑性和硬度的不同，泡沫也可以分為很多種，泡沫被用於家裝，安全和模型製作，同時也是複合層壓的核心材料。
Most types of plastic can be foamed. This is carried out with a blowing agent. There are many different types of foam. ranging from flexible to rigid . with either open or closed cells, foams are used for a spectrum of applications such as upholstery, safety model making and as a core material in composite laminating.
塑料的添加劑，填充物和加固劑
添加劑和填充物被用來加強塑料的特性，他們用來提高塑料的色彩，工程屬性，導電性和抗菌性，同時也可以提高材料的耐火性，耐UV性和抗化學腐蝕性。
一些塑料，例如PET,PC,PS，是透明的且著色力很好，他們可以使有色的，可以是無色的。
色彩通常來自於塑料母料中帶有顏料的載體樹脂，
ADDITIVES, FILLERS AND REINFORCEMENT
Additives and fillers are used to enhance the properties of plastics. they are usedto improve color, specific mechanical properties, electrical conductivity. moldflow and antimicrobial properties and to increase the material's resistance to fire.UV light and chemical attack. Some plastics, such as polycarbonate.PET are water clear and so take color very well, they can be tinted or opaque. the colors are typically made up of a carrier resin coated in pigment, which is added to the raw material during processing.
潘通色最常見於美國
RAL色是由德國制定的標準
塑料的色彩是由潘通色和RAL色決定的，從而確定了不同地域和不同工廠之間的顏色標準。還有一些特殊顏色，例如金屬色，珍珠色和螢光色。
Color is generally determined byeither pantone or RAL. These are recognized international standards and ensurethat the color that is specified by the designer in 1 country is exactly the sameas the color that is injection moldedby a factory in another country. Other color effects that can be achieved inplastics include metallic, pearlescent. thermochromatic, photochromatic and
photoluminescent.
填充物可以加強塑料的工程屬性，例如雲母，礦物質，纖維和織物。熱塑性塑料可以和填充物一起用於注塑和壓塑等。其中在熱塑性材料成型中，纖維添加物的厚度不可大於1mm（0.004in）。在熱固性塑料的壓塑，複合層壓和3D熱層壓中，長且連續的纖維材料可以作為添加劑。
Fillers to improve mechanical properties include talc, minerals, fibre and textiles. thermoplastics can be injection molded, extruded and compression molded with all of these fillers fibre reinforcement long and continuous strand fibre reinforcement is incorporated into thermosets by compression molding. Composite laminating and 3d thermal laminating.
纖維添加劑包括玻璃，芳綸，碳和黃麻纖維。纖維材料作為添加劑可以加強塑料的強度，減輕重量，甚至強度會高於金屬材料，因此常常用於船體材料和家具。其中碳纖維是通過將高聚物氧化，拉伸和加熱製成的，例如PAN, 需要加熱至1500℃。碳化的過程需要經過多次加熱工藝，所以會花費巨大的能量。碳纖維材料強度高，重量小，如今已經供不應求，常常被用於體育器具。傳統的複合層壓需要技術高超的操作人員來完成，所以很貴。但是，由於近來科技的發展，例如樹脂傳遞成型，樹脂注入成型，是整個製造過程更加快速，人力成本更低。
The types of fibre used include glass,aramid carbon and more recently hemp and jute. fiber reinforced compositematerials have superior strength for their weight, several times greater than metal, and different grades aresuitable for everything from boat hulls to lightweight stacking furniture.
Ccarbon fibre is manufactured by stretching and heating in controlled atmosphere. the process carbonization takes places stages of heating and so requires a greatdeal of energy eventually long ribbon most pure graphite are formed. and the width of ribbon will affect the strength of the carbon fibre there are different grades strengths of carbon fibre. which depend on the manufacturer Carbon fibre has very high strength to weight and as a result of its own is becoming more difficult to purchase because production cannot keep up with and it is a relatively expensive material but is becoming more widespread in consumer products such as sports equipment this is partly due to the added value that carbon fibre brings application, but also as a result of improved manufacturing techniques. including recent breakthroughs in recycling methods. traditional composite laminating requires a great deal of highly skilled labor and is therefore very expensive. new techniques are now being used, such as resin transfer molding and resin infusion page which: more rapid and mechanized and so reduce labor costs considerably
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