【考點掃描】
時態是中考命題的重點,主要考查考生在具體語境、特殊語境中對時態的運用能力，完成時的考查則是重中之重。【考點回顧】
1.過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果。常用的時間狀語有yet, already, just, ever, never, now, before, lately, recently。2.表示某動作從過去開始發生，持續到現在，並且還有可能持續下去。常用的時間狀語有today, this week, these days, so far, up to now, since, ever since, since then, by this time, for years / ages, for a long time, several times, in / over the past few years, 「since + 過去某一時刻」,「for + 時間段」等。有時在時間或條件狀語從句中，可用現在完成時態替將來完成時。Hearing that she __ the entrance exam to the university，Fudy is thrilled．A. has failed in
B. is succeeded in
C. is failed in
D. has succeed in
[答案]D。
[解析]本題考查詞義辨析。「聽說他成功地通過了考試，Judy非常興奮。」可知選D。
—It's raining! When did it start?
一I don't know exactly．In fact，it _____ all this afternoon.
A. lasts B. has lasted
C. lasted D. will last
[答案]B．
[解析]考查現在完成時態。從句意「事實上，已持續了整整一個下午了」，不難看出，不能用一般過去時，此句中last"持續」作延續性動詞。從信息"all this afternoon"可知。
--Are you going to see the film with us?
--No, thanks. I ______ it.
A. saw B. have seen
C. see D. was seeing
[答案]B．
[解析]本題考查動詞的時態。由對話的語境可推測句意「我已看過這部電影」，表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，故應用現在完成時。
--Hello, this is Lily speaking. Could I speak to Mr. Black?
--Sorry. He _____ the Xuanwu Lake Park.
A. has been to
B. went to
C. has gone to
D. will go to
[答案]C．
[解析] 考查現在完成時態。have gone to(到某地去了，還沒有回來)；have been to(去過某地，已經回來了)。
Jane _____. I'm waiting for her.
A. came back
B. has come back
C. hasn't come back
[答案]C．
[解析]考查現在完成時態。根據後句句意：「我正在等她」可知。
【夯實基礎】
一、現在完成時基本結構
肯定句：主語 + have/has + 動詞的過去分詞 + 其它.
否定句：主語 + have/has + not + 動詞的過去分詞 + 其它.
一般疑問句：Have/Has + 主語 + 動詞的過去分詞 + 其它?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句?（have/has + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其它）
動詞過去分詞規則變化與不規則變化
規則變化
1. 一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look — looked
2. 以e結尾的動詞，直接加d。move — moved
3. 以y結尾，y前面是輔音字母的動詞，變y 為i，再加ed。carry — carried
4. 部分動詞需雙寫尾字母，加ed。stop — stopped
不規則變化
不規則動詞的變化因詞而異。但是如果對不規則動詞的過去式和過去分詞做一分析，就可發現其中的「規則」。同學們在記憶時，可按下面的形式對教材後不規則動詞表進行分析、整理。例如：AAB型
ABC 型
原形過去式過去分詞beAAA型
原形ABA型
原形ABB型
原形二、 現在完成時的用法
①現在完成時用來表示過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成影響或後果。常與already, yet, just, before, never,ever 等時間標誌詞連用。如：
I have already posted the photo.
我已經把照片寄走了。強調對現在的影響是＂照片不在這裡＂。
She has just finished her work.
她剛剛完成了她的工作。強調「工作已經完成了」。
②現在完成時可以用來表示發生在過去某一時刻的、持續到現在的動作（用行為動詞表示）或狀態（be動詞表示），常與for（+ 時間段），since（+ 過去的時間點或過去時的句子）連用，謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞。如：
He has lived here since 1978.
自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。
（動作起始於1978年，一直住到現在，可能還要繼續住下去。)
They have leanrt Chinese in this school for 3 years.
他們在這個學校學漢語3年了。
（動作開始於三年前，一直到現在，將來可能要繼續學下去。）
三、have/has gone to、have/has been to以及have/has been in的區別
have/has been to，去過某地，到過某地。表示「去而已歸」，常與once/ twice /many times/never/ever連用。
The old man has been to Egypt when he was young.
老人年輕時去過埃及。
He has been to the park several times.
have/has gone to，已經去某地了。表示「去而未歸」。
—Where is Lily?
—She has gone to the US. She will be back in 7 days.
have/has been in，一直呆在某地。與「表一段時間」的時間連用。
Tim has been in China for nearly 5 years.
四、現在完成時常見的標誌詞
①already（用在肯定句中）, yet（用在否定句和一般疑問句中）, never, ever, just, before, 次數等。
②lately（最近）, recently（最近）, in the past (last) few years（在過去的幾年）, these days, up to now（到目前為止）, so far（到目前為止）。
③for，since
since 自從……以後
►since + 時間點
►since + 時間段 + ago
►since + 時間狀語從句時 (時間狀語從句動詞用一般過去時，主句動詞用現在完成時)
He has stayed here since 5 o'clock.
He has stayed here since 5 hours ago.
She has taught English since he came here.
for 長達多久
for + 一段時間
He has kept the book for 2 weeks.
since 和 for 的相互轉換：
for + 一段時間
= since + 一段時間 + ago
They have learned English for ten years.
他們已經學了十年的英語了。
= They have learned English since ten years ago.
對since和for的提問用how long 。
— How long have you been in Nanjing?
你來南京多久了？
—For three years./Since three years ago.
三年了。/從三年前開始。
提示：
某些瞬間意義動詞leave, go, become, come, stop, buy, join, die, get up, fall asleep, fall ill, .......等，不能用它們的現在（或過去）完成時態+ for+時間累計數來表示行為持續長度。若要表示這方面的意思時，可採用如下方法：
a.將瞬間動詞改為「be+ 形容詞或副詞」的結構，然後用這一結構的現在完成時態+ for+ 具體時間累計數。常見的這類結構：
get up→be up，become→be，stop→be over, die→be dead, join→be in, leave→be away(out), go→be out,
come →be back, fall asleep→be asleep，fall ill→be ill.......
b. 瞬間動詞的一般過去時+ 時間累計數 + ago ；
c.使用It is + 時間累計數 + since + 主語 + 謂語（用瞬間動詞的一般過去時表示）。因此「雨已經停了三小時了」 這句話可分別譯作：
It rain has been over for three hours.
The rain stopped three hours ago.
It is three hours since the rain stopped.
It is five years since she became（瞬間意義動詞） my wife.
她和我結婚已五年了。
五、現在完成時中短暫性動詞和延續性動詞的轉換
短暫性動詞與for 或since引導的時間段連用時，要改變成延續性動詞。變化如下：I have bought this bike for 5 years. （buy不能和5 years連用）
→ I have had this bike for 5 years.
They have got married since 1999. （get married是短暫性動詞，不能和段時間連用）
→ They have been married since 1999.
六、用於現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.
這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
七、現在完成時 VS 一般過去時
含義不同：
現在完成時：強調過去發生的動作對現在產生的結果或造成的影響。
一般過去時：強調過去時間發生的動作事實。
I have seen the film. (強調現在己知道電影的內容了)
I saw the film two days ago. (強調是兩天前看的，不是別的什麼時候看的)
時間狀語不同：
現在完成時的時間狀語：
1.already, yet, ever, never, just, before等。
2.for + 一段時間, since +時間點或從句。
3.once, twice, many times。
一般過去時的時間狀語：
two days ago, just now, yesterday, last night, in 2000等
【語法過關】
一、單項填空。
1. Li Hong has _____ the army for 2 years.
A. joined B. be in
C. been in D. joined in
2. We have been friends since ____.
A. children
B. five years
C. five years ago
D. five years before
3. Mike ______ the story for a month.
A. has bought B. has had
C. had had D. has borrowed
4. You ______ that question three times.
A. already asked
B. have already asked
C. already have asked
D. asked already
5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou _______.
A. since last week
B. a week ago
C. for a week
D. since a week ago
6. I _____ at this school for two years.
A. am studying B. study
C. studied D. have studied
7. They _____ in the city since last summer.
A. live B. didn’t live
C. have lived D. live
8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _____ 1992.
A. since B. from C. after D. in
9. Mr. Black ____China since the summer of 1998.
A. has been to B. has been in
C. has come to D. came to
10. His father _______ for years.
A. has died B. has been dead
C. died D. dies
二、用 already或 yet填空。
1. --Have they taken down the old pictures ____?
--No, not _______.
2. Most of us have finished our compositions _____
3. He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition _____.
三、用 since或 for填空。
1. We have learned five lessons ______ the beginning of this term.
2. Mrs. Liao has been in hospital ___ last week.
3. I have stayed at my aunt’s ___ two weeks.
四、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各種形式填空。
1. — Where is Jack?
— He _______ his country.
2. John ______ England since he came back.
3. How long ______ you _____ this village?
4. The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
5. — _____ you ever ______ America?
— Yes, I _____ there many times.
6. I ______ this school since three years ago.
7. — When ______ he ______?
— He ______ an hour ago.
8. — Would you like to ______ the zoo with me?
— Yes, but I _____ there before.
9. — Where ______ you ______ just now?
— I __________ the zoo.
10. He often______ swimming.
11. ______ you ______ there last year?
12. ______ they often ______ skating in winter?
五、句型轉換，每空一詞。
1. He has already gone home.
He _____ _____ home ______. (否定句)
_____ he _____ home ______? (一般疑問句)
2. He has lunch at home.
He ______ ______ lunch at home. (否定句)
______ he _____ lunch at home? (一般疑問句)
3. He has been there twice. (對劃線部分提問)
______ _____ _____ ______ he been there?
4. I have lunch at school. (對劃線部分提問)
______ ______ you _______ lunch.
5. They have been here since 2000.
______ ______ have they been here? (對劃線部分提問)
6. This factory opened twenty years ago.(改為同義句)
This factory______ ______ ______ for twenty years.
7. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (改為同義句)
Miss Gao _____ _____ _____ _____ an hour ago.
8. Her mother has been a Party member for three years. (改為同義句)
Her mother ______ the Party three years _______ .
9. The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (改為同義句)
_____ two years ______ the Green family moved to France.
10. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個句子合併成一個句子)
_______________________________
參考答案
一、單項填空。
1. C。現在完成時在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞。在此題中join是短暫性動詞，不能與for+時間段連用，須把它改成相應的延續性動詞。此題join要改成be in。這兩種詞的轉換是學習現在完成時需要注意的。
2. C。現在完成時表示過去已經開始，一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。它的時間狀語since + 表過去的時間點，for + 時間段連用。
3. B。在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞，在此題中buy是短暫性動詞，不能與for + 時間段連用，須把它改成相應的延續性動詞。此題 buy 要改成 has had。
4. B。現在完成時表示過去發生或已經完成的動作或存在的狀態對現在造成的影響或結果；already 應放在have後面。
5. B。該題考查一般過去時。
6. D。現在完成時表示過去已經開始，一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。與for + 時間段連用。
7. C。since是現在完成時的標誌詞。
8. A。本句為完成時態，此處應該選擇since；「since + 表過去的時間點」是完成時態的標誌性時間狀語。
9. B。與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞，come是短暫性動詞因此選B。
10. B。現在完成時與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞，die是短暫性動詞,因此要用be dead來代替。
二、用 already或 yet填空。
1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet
三、用 since或 for填空。
1. since 2. since 3. for
四、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各種形式填空。
1. has gone to 2. has been in
3. have; been in 4. have been in
5. Have; been to; have been
6. have been in 7. did; go; went
8. go; have been
9. did; go; went to 10. goes
11. Did; go 12. Do; go
五、句型轉換，每空一詞。
1. hasn’t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet
2. doesn’t have; Does; have
3. How many times has
4. Where do; have
5. How long
6. has been open
7. has been away since
8. joined; ago
9. It’s; since
10. The bus has been here for ten minutes.