這幾天Sir一直在閱讀典範英語，並且渴望保持一天讀一本並做到摘記的進度。但是面對這場有可能改變人類歷史的疫情，Sir也一直想整理一份材料，聚焦於在新聞媒體中頻繁出現的關於「新冠」的一些英語詞彙和用法。今天春分日，Sir穿上了新紅鞋，喝了杯咖啡，耐著性子閱讀了一些材料，觀看了幾個視頻，並對其中的內容進行了摘記，之後進行了系統地梳理。現分享如下，以便於日後閱讀相關閱讀的方便。
Part I Vacabulary
病毒的稱呼
coronavirus 冠狀病毒；
novel-coronavirus 新型冠狀病毒
pneumonia 肺炎（此處首字母p不發音）
pandemic 疫情/流行病
identify/detect 發現
confirmed case 確診病例
suspected case 疑似病例
quarantine 隔離
incubation period 潛伏期
各種病情的英文
take your temperature 測體溫
fever 發燒
cough 咳嗽
epidemic 瘟疫
infect 傳染
病毒的傳播途徑
routes of transmission 傳播途徑
droplet transmission 飛沫傳播
contact transmission 接觸傳播
airborne transmission 空氣傳播
human to human transmission 人與人傳播
zoonotic transmission 人畜傳播
醫療物資的英文
mask/medical mask/surgical mask 口罩
single use mask 一次性口罩
N95 mask N95口罩
goggles 護目鏡
protective coveralls 防護服
sanitize 消毒液（洗手用）
sterilize 消毒
新聞中常見詞彙
outbreak 大爆發
health screening/health assessment 健康排查/健康檢查（交通樞紐中用）
lockdown 封城
avoid non-essential travel 避免不必要的出行
stay at home 宅家
close transport with in and out of the city 封鎖城市交通
WHO=World Health Organization 世界衛生組織
PHIEC=Public Health Emergency of International concern 國際公共衛生事件
Part II How to use the vacabularies
Before I get started, I want to make it clear that in no way am I a medical professional and I'm not offering any advice, but I do want to help you fully understand what you're reading and hearing about and I want to make it possible fro you to share your thoughts, your concerns or what's happening in your comunity.
1. outbreak, epidemic and pandemic
這三個詞是依據時間的推移和疫情發展的規模擴大而變化的，outbreak是指疫情最初在一個地方的集中爆發，epidemic是隨著感染病例增加而成為流行病，而pandemic則是指國際流行病，不限於一個地區和國家。
An out break is an increase in the number of cases of a disaster in a particular place. e.g In China, the coronavirus started with an outbreak in WH. Overtime, it became an epidemic, which is a large outbreak. That means the number of people who have the virus continued to go up quickly and it was over a larger geographic area. A pandemic is a global epidemic. It means the number of cases continues to rise rapidly around the globe. It's no longer in one region or one country. It's across multiple regions, countries, and continents.
2. restrictions-limits or ways to control someone or something
限制措施。隨著疫情的發展，人類為了生存勢必要採取相應措施來對抗病毒。restrcition就是第一步，這個詞其實就是limit限制的意思。限制人的出行和活動，取消交流，限制旅行往來。比如美國對歐洲就限制入境。
As we watched the coronavirus move from an outbreak to an epidemic and then to a pandemic, we've needed to respond in different ways. One of the firstthings that you've probably heard about art restrictions. Restrictions are limits or ways to control someone or something. E.g Right now, there are many travel restrictions around the world. It means there's a limit or some control of where you can and cannot travel to. Some companies are also restricting their employees. They maybe cancelling travel plans or asking employees to stay home to work.
3.social distancing-a focused effort to reduce close contact between people
第二個措施是保持社交距離，這主要是隔離人與人之間的物理距離，它的主要目的在於切斷傳播途徑，減緩病毒傳播。這就是為什麼要關閉學校或商場這樣的人員密集場所。這也需要我們對以往的生活中的見面方式作出巨大改變，比如人與人之間的見面握手打招呼就不允許存在了。
A second response is social distancing. This is a focused effort to reduce close cantact between people and the purpose of socila distancing is to slow down the movement of spread conronavirus. This is why we have schools closing and large public events are being canceled and why many businessed have started to encourage or mandate talework, which means working from home, using the internet, email and telephone. Social distancing also means choosing to stay home more often and avoiding public spaces or large crowds when you are out of the house.
3. self-quarantine-to seperate and restrcit movement
自我隔離措施。隔離是將有可能帶有病毒的個體和健康的個體區分開來，以避免出現傳染。一般情況下，對有可能感染個體採取居家隔離的措施，也就是限制自身的各類活動和非必要外出。
Quarantine means to seperate and restrict movement who have the coronavirus or have been exposed to it and those who have not. Many individuals have been asked or have volunteered to self-quarantine and what that means is they stay home and they restrict their movement. They don't go out in public unless absolutely necessary.
4. isolation-the most restrictive form of separation
隔離是比自我隔離更為嚴格的措施，上面的自我隔離有點類似於居家隔離，而隔離則是進行醫學隔離了。
Isolation is when an individual with a disease has been completely seperated from other individuals while they are contagious.
5. contagious-how a disease spreads from a person to another by direct or indirect contact
傳染性是指疾病是如何直接或間接地從一個人傳染給另一個人的。
Contagious refers to how a disease moves or spreads from one person to another.
6. spread
傳染，動詞。在用該詞時，我們指病毒從一個人傳播到另一個人的動態過程。
This is a word that we often use when we're talking about the movement of a virus from one person to another.
7. compromised immune system
免疫系統受損。人體的免疫系統幫助我們抵抗病毒和細菌，此次新冠致死較高的是老年人和患有基礎性疾病的人，這兩類人之所以危險的原因是他們的免疫系統比較脆弱，也就是compromised immune system。compromise是妥協的意思，也就是他們的免疫系統更容易向病毒「妥協」。
Immune system is your body's ability to fight virus or protect itself from a virus. A compromise immune system means a weaker immune system. As a result, someone might get sick more easily or their body isn't able to fight virus as well as someone with a health immune system can.
8. reduce overstressing, overwhelming, or overburdening our health systems.
避免出現醫療擠兌的情況發生。所謂醫療擠兌，就是患病人數超過病床數，現有醫療資源不足以救治現有病人數。英語中的前綴"over"往往都是過度了，過猶不及了。
If a hosipital is overstrressed or a doctor is overburdened, it means to much or above normal. Certainly one of the top priorities right now is to make sure that our hospitals, our doctors, nurses, all our medical staff and facilities are able to treat everyone needs medical attention.
9. symptom---fever, cough, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest
肺炎比較明顯的症狀包括「發燒、咳嗽、氣短、胸悶」。
A symptom is a physical sigh of an illness. Some of the most common symptoms that are being talked about are fevers. A fever is when your body temperature is too high. It is higher than it should be or higher than normal. To talk about that with a medical professional, you would say, I have a fever of _____ （橫線上加體溫度數）or I am running a temperature.
10. sneezing, body aches, feeling tired, felling fatigued, feeling lethargic
新冠的其他症狀包括噴嚏、全身疼痛、乏力等。
Fatigue means very tired and lethargic means you have no energy.
11. to stock up
屯物資。在個人打算進行自我隔離時，需要為自己和家人儲備一定量的物資，to stock up就是這個意思，國人喜歡屯糧，而老外則喜歡屯廁紙。有人對老外屯廁紙的操作有點懵懂，我個人理解還是兩種文化對病毒傳播的認識不同。老外覺得新冠病毒更多是接觸傳播感染，所以他們覺得沒必要戴口罩卻堅持不握手勤洗手，洗完手肯定要用大量的廁紙，所以這就成了必需品。而國人一般面對災難的第一反應是囤積糧食，這可能和我們歷史上幾次饑荒有關。
To stock up means to have an extra supply, particular of basic necessities like food, medicine and other essentials household items and this is perfectly appropriate to do if you are going to self-quarantine for 14 days. That means you need to have enough food for you and anyone else who's living with you.
12. dry goods, canned goods, non-perishables, frozen foods.
屯糧的一些物資用語。
Dry-foods or non-perishables are foods that last for a long time.
13. to hoard
這個詞的意思是囤積的量超過了自己所需要的的量，就是一些人在災難來臨時喜歡囤積居奇，在很多國家這是一種犯罪。
To hoard means to have an eatra large supply that you hide and keep to yourself. If you are hoarding supplies, it means you are taking more that you need and as a result other people don't have the opportunity to prepare for themselves. And that's something we definitely want to avoid.