【導讀】
印度大閱兵當日,農民開著拖拉機來砸場
每年的 1 月 26 日,對印度來說都是一個重大的日子。這一天,印度會舉行盛大的閱兵活動,以紀念印度共和國的建立。然而今年,印度的「共和國日」過得就沒那麼順利了。由於疫情,人們熟悉的、印度閱兵式中特有的摩託車特技表演取消了;取而代之的,是一批開著拖拉機浩浩蕩蕩「殺入」首都的印度農民。顯然,他們不是來慶祝節日的,而是來找印度政府算帳的。這些農民究竟遭遇了什麼?他們為什麼要進行抗議?
【News原文閱讀】
Why are farmers protesting in India?
From NYT
At least one protester was killed and 300 police officers were injured after tens of thousands of farmers, many driving tractors, took to the streets of New Delhi on Tuesday to call for the repeal of contentious new agriculture laws.
The farmers upstaged the city's national Republic Day holiday, clashing with the police, destroying barricades and storming the Red Fort, a 400-year-old landmark.
Who are the protesters?
Many of the protesting farmers are members of the Sikh religious minority and come from the states of Punjab and Haryana.Farmers in other parts of the country have held rallies in solidarity.
More than 60% of India’s 1.3 billion people still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, though the sector accounts for only about 15% of the country’s economic output.
Their reliance has only increased after the coronavirus pandemic badly struck the urban economy and sent millions of laborers back to their villages.For years, debts and bankruptcies have driven farmers to high rates of suicide.
What do they want?
The protesters are challenging Prime Minister Narendra Modi over his efforts to reshape farming in India.
The demonstrators are demanding that Modi repeal recent farming laws that would minimize the government's role in agriculture and open more space for private investors.The government says the new laws would unshackle farmers and private investment, bringing growth.But farmers are skeptical, fearing that the removal of state protections that they already consider insufficient would leave them at the mercy of greedy corporations.
Farmers say that market-friendly laws will eventually eliminate regulatory support and leave them bereft, with the weakened economy offering little chance of a different livelihood.
【News精讀】
Why are farmers protesting in India?
為什麼印度的農民要抗議?
From NYT
At least one protester was killed and 300 police officers were injured after tens of thousands of farmers, many driving tractors, took to the streets of New Delhi on Tuesday to call for the repeal of contentious new agriculture laws.
周二(1 月 26 日),數萬名農民走上了新德裡街頭,其中不少人還駕駛著拖拉機,他們呼籲廢除有爭議的新農業法。這場抗議導致了至少一名抗議者死亡,300 名警察受傷。
(翻譯技巧:段落中有一個after,說的是某事發生之後造成了某一個結果,一般after之前是結果,之後是事件,按照時間順序,應該先翻譯after之後的部分)
The farmers upstaged the city's national Republic Day holiday, clashing with the police, destroying barricades and storming the Red Fort, a 400-year-old landmark.
這些農民搶了新德裡「共和國日」慶典的風頭。他們與警察發生衝突,摧毀路障,還向著有 400 年歷史的地標性建築紅堡發起了「進攻」。
Who are the protesters?
這些抗議者是誰?
Many of the protesting farmers are members of the Sikh religious minority and come from the states of Punjab and Haryana. Farmers in other parts of the country have held rallies in solidarity.
進行抗議的農民很多都是錫克教(印度的宗教少數派)的成員,來自旁遮普邦和哈裡亞納邦。印度其他地區的農民也早已團結一致,舉行了政治集會。
More than 60% of India's 1.3 billion people still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, though the sector accounts for only about 15% of the country's economic output.
印度共有 13 億人口,其中,超過 60% 的人仍然主要依靠農業為生,而農業僅佔該國經濟產出的 15% 左右。
Their reliance has only 【only(愈加,只(會);只有)(一般強調某事的結果令人遺憾),例句:Legalising surrogacy will only cause more problems.代孕合法化只會引發更多的問題】increased after the coronavirus pandemic badly struck the urban economy and sent millions of laborers back to their villages. For years, debts and bankruptcies have driven farmers to high rates of suicide.
在新冠疫情嚴重打擊了城市的經濟之後,數百萬勞動者回到了鄉村,而這只會進一步加深他們(對農業)的依賴。多年來,債務和破產使農民的自殺率居高不下。
What do they want?
農民們的訴求是什麼?
The protesters are challenging Prime Minister Narendra Modi over his efforts to reshape farming in India.(固定搭配:challenge sb over sth)
抗議者們對於總理納倫德拉 · 莫迪在改革印度農業方面採取的措施提出了質疑。
The demonstrators are demanding that Modi repeal recent farming laws that would minimize the government's role in agriculture and open more space for private investors.*** The government says the new laws would unshackle farmers and private investment, bringing growth. But farmers are skeptical, fearing that the removal of state protections that they already consider insufficient would leave them at the mercy of greedy corporations.***
示威者要求莫迪廢除最新的農業法。這些法令將最大限度地減少政府在農業中的作用,並為私人投資者開放更多空間。印度政府表示,新的農業法將解除對農民和私人投資的束縛,帶來經濟增長。但是農民們對此表示懷疑,他們認為,國家對農民現有的保護已然不足,他們擔心,一旦保護取消後,自己只能任憑貪婪的(私有)公司擺布。
【句子結構分析(一)】
The demonstrators are demanding that Modi repeal recent farming laws that would minimize the government's role in agriculture and open more space for private investors.
句子主幹:The demonstrators are demanding that Modi repeal recent farming laws.
定語從句:that would minimize the government's role in agriculture and open more space for private investors(修飾 recent farming laws)
demand 的用法:當動詞 demand 表示「要求」,且後面跟著 that 引導的賓語從句時,從句中要使用虛擬語氣 should do sth.,其中的 should 可以省略(原文如果恢復完整應該是 The demonstrators are demanding that Modi should repeal recent farming laws...)
【句子結構分析(二)】
But farmers are skeptical, fearing that the removal of state protections that they already consider insufficient would leave them at the mercy of greedy corporations.
句子主幹:But farmers are skeptical.
伴隨狀語從句:fearing that the removal of state protections...would leave them at the mercy of greedy corporations
定語從句:that they already consider insufficient(修飾 state protections)
Farmers say that market-friendly laws will eventually eliminate regulatory support and leave them bereft, with the weakened economy offering little chance of a different livelihood.
農民們表示,市場友好型的法令最終會使得(來自國家的)監管支持完全消失,讓他們無依無靠,而印度疲軟的經濟幾乎沒有給他們提供任何機會去換一種方式謀生。
【Vocabulary】
1. protest /ˈproʊ.test/ v. (集體公開)抗議,反對
英文釋義:to come together to publicly express disapproval or opposition to sth.
搭配短語:to protest against / at sth.
例句:The victim's family protested against / at the judge's sentence.
相關詞彙:protester(n. 抗議者)
2. take to 前往(某地);養成(某個習慣);喜歡上(某物或某人)
近義短語:go to
3. call for 呼籲,號召
搭配短語:to call for an investigation
4. repeal /rɪˈpiːl/ n.(某法令的)廢止
搭配短語:the repeal of the death penalty死刑的廢除
詞性拓展:repeal(v. 廢除,廢止)
例句:Inheritance tax was repealed.
5. contentious /kənˈten.ʃəs/ adj. 有爭議的
相關詞彙:contend(v. 爭辯,爭奪)
詞義辨析:contentious,controversial
兩個單詞在形容物的時候都可以表示「有爭議的」,但在形容人的時候, controversial 指的是那些大家褒貶不一的、有爭議的人,而 contentious 指的則是那些喜歡和別人爭辯的人。
搭配短語:a contentious / controversial decision一個有爭議的決定
搭配短語:a controversial figure一個有爭議性的人物
搭配短語:a contentious person喜歡跟別人爭執的人
6. upstage /ˈʌpsteɪdʒ/ v. 搶……的風頭
詞性拓展:upstage(adv. 在舞臺後部)
相關詞彙:downstage(adv. 在舞臺前部)
例句:The actor stands upstage.
文化補充:過去的舞臺一般設計成傾斜的樣子,方便臺下的觀眾觀看節目,離觀眾越遠的地方就越高(upstage)。當演員位於舞臺上靠後的位置時,站在他前面的演員需要背對觀眾,和他搭戲。在這種情況下,觀眾的注意力自然集中在了靠後的、但面對觀眾的人身上。所以後來,upstage 又引申出了「搶……風頭」的意思。
7. clash /klæʃ/ v.(發生)衝突,爭執(是一個很專業的新聞用詞);(使)發出(金屬相碰的)撞擊聲
8. barricade /ˌbarɪˈkeɪd/ n. 路障
詞義辨析:barricade,barrier
兩個單詞都可以表示「障礙物」,但是 barrier 的適用範圍更廣,既可以描寫實物的障礙物,也可以指抽象的障礙;而 barricade 則特指路上的實體障礙物。
搭配短語:trade barriers
9. storm /stɔːm/ v. 突襲,攻佔
詞性拓展:storm(n. 暴風雨)
例句:Police stormed the building.
10. rally /ˈræl.i/ n. 集會,群眾大會
詞義辨析:rally,meeting
這兩個單詞都有「集會,會議」的意思,但 rally 特指那些為了支持某個政治觀點或是抗議某個決策,在戶外舉行的大型公眾集會。
11. solidarity /ˌsɑː.lɪˈder.ə.t̬i/ n. 團結一致
搭配短語:national solidarity
12. livelihood /ˈlʌɪvlɪhʊd/ n. 生計;生活來源;飯碗
近義詞:living(n. 生計,收入)
搭配短語:earn a livelihood
近義短語:make a living
例句: Many ship workers could lose their livelihoods because of falling orders for new ships. 由於新船訂單減少,許多船廠工人可能要丟掉飯碗。
例句: That farm is his livelihood. 那個農場是他的生活來源。
13. sector /ˈsek.tɚ/ n. 部門,領域
搭配短語:the service sector服務業
搭配短語:the manufacturing sector製造業
14. account for 佔(一定數量或比例)
例句:Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population.非裔美國人佔美國總人口的12%
15. output /ˈaʊt.pʊt/ n. 產量,產出
同義詞:production
反義詞:input(n. 輸入,投入)
16. reliance /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ n. 依賴,依靠
相關詞彙:rely(v. 依賴)
搭配短語:rely on
搭配短語:reliance on
搭配短語:people's reliance on the Internet for news
17. strike /straɪk/ v.(疾病或者災難)侵襲;打,擊
例句:A snowball struck him on the back of the head.
18. bankruptcy /ˈbæŋ.krəpt.si/ n. 破產
詞根詞綴:rupt(表示 to break,「斷裂,破碎」)
相關詞彙:interrupt(v. 打斷)
19. demonstrator /ˈdem.ən.streɪ.t̬ɚ/ n. 示威者
相關詞彙:demonstrate(v. 遊行,示威;證明,演示)
搭配短語:demonstrate against
搭配短語:to demonstrate against the war
詞根詞綴:-or(表示「做……的人」)
20. unshackle /ʌnˈʃæk.əl/ v. 解放,(使)自由
相關詞彙:shackle(v. 束縛,阻撓;n. 枷鎖)
詞根詞綴:un-(表否定)
21. skeptical /ˈskep.tɪ.kəl/ adj. 持懷疑態度的,不相信的
拼寫拓展:sceptical(英式拼寫)
搭配短語:be skeptical about / of
搭配短語:be skeptical about the result
22. at the mercy of 任憑……的擺布
相關詞彙:mercy(n. 仁慈,寬恕)
例句:Fishermen are always at the mercy of the forces of nature.漁民出海打魚的時候得看老天爺的臉色
23. greedy /ˈɡriː.di/ adj. 貪婪的,貪心的
相關詞彙:greed(n. 貪婪)
文化補充:電影《七宗罪》裡的「貪婪罪」就叫 greed。
24. eliminate /iˈlɪm.ə.neɪt/ v. 徹底清除,根除
英文釋義:to completely get rid of sth.
例句:We can eliminate the fear of public speaking by practice.
25. bereft /bɪ』reft/ adj. 無依無靠的,落寞的;失去……的
搭配短語:be bereft of失去某物
搭配短語:be bereft of hope失去希望
搭配短語:be bereft of inspiration失去鬥志
26. tractor /ˈtræk.tər/ n. 拖拉機
27. primarily /praɪˈmer.əl.i/ adv. 主要地
例句: We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down. 我們主要關心的是縮減開支。
例句: Baseball is primarily a summer game. 籃球基本上是一項夏季運動。
28. urban /ˈɜː.bən/ adj. 城市的,城鎮的
搭配: urban development 城市發展
搭配: urban decay 城市衰落
29. removal /rɪˈmuː.vəl/ n. 移開;拿開;去掉;除去;調動;免職;開除;解職
搭配: stain removal 去汙漬
搭配: furniture removal 搬運家具
例句: There have been calls for the president's removal. 一直有要求總統下臺的呼聲。
30. corporation /ˌkɔː.pərˈeɪ.ʃən/ n. 大公司;集團公司;市政當局,地方當局
搭配: a multinational corporation 跨國公司
搭配: the British Broadcasting Corporation 英國廣播公司
例句: She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal. 她不想在大公司工作,那兒一點人情味兒都沒有。
搭配: a municipal corporation 市政當局
31. regulatory /ˌreɡ.jəˈleɪ.tər.i/ adj. 管理的;控制的;監管的
搭配: a regulatory body/organization 監管部門/組織
【Background Knowledge】
1. new agriculture laws(新農業法)
2020 年 9 月,印度議會聯邦院通過了 3 項新農業法,放鬆了政府對農作物價格的管制。法案包括《2020 農產品貿易和商業(促進和便利)法案》《2020 農民(授權和保護)價格保證協議和農業服務法案》以及《2020 基本商品(修正)法案》。這些法案將為印度的農業打造一個新型生態系統。在這個系統中,農民和貿易商可以自由選擇出售和購買農產品,實現無障礙的貿易。
2. Republic Day(共和國日)
1 月 26 日是印度的共和國日,以紀念 1950 年 1 月 26 日印度憲法的生效及印度共和國成立。
共和國日當天,印度會在國家大道上舉行盛大的閱兵和遊行慶祝活動,前者是為了展示印度的軍事實力,後者則展示了印度作為一個統一國家的多樣性。
3. Red Fort(紅堡)
紅堡位於印度德裡,是莫臥兒帝國時期的皇宮所在地,因整個建築主體呈紅褐色而得名。紅堡的建造歷史最早可以追溯到 17 世紀,雖然至今已經成為歷史名勝,但依舊極具政治色彩,每年印度的獨立日(8 月 15 日)印度總理都會站在紅堡城牆上主持升旗儀式,向全國發表電視講話。
4. the Sikh religious minority(宗教少數派錫克教)
錫克教是 15 世紀產生於印度的一神教,主要流行於印度的旁遮普邦,在南亞的巴基斯坦,東南亞的馬來西亞、北美的美國和加拿大也有少量信徒。「錫克」一詞,來源於梵文,意思是「學生」「弟子」「信徒」。錫克教徒被稱為錫克人,長發、梳子、鋼箍、匕首、短褲是錫克教徒的五大信仰標識。
【Summary】
上周二印度爆發了大規模的農民抗議,這些抗議者要求政府撤銷去年剛通過的極具爭議性的農業法案,因為農民們認為在現有國家支持不足的情況下,自己的生活已經非常非常難了,這些市場友好型的法案會讓來自國家的監管支持徹底消失,讓他們任由貪婪的私人公司擺布,最終無依無靠,一無所有
【Q&A】
提問:根據文章,為什麼印度的農民反對新的農業法?
答案:根據文章倒數第二段的內容,新的農業法會最大限度地減少政府在農業中的作用,並為私人投資者開放更多空間。在農民看來,失去了政府的扶持和保護,自己只能任憑那些貪婪的私人公司擺布,而印度孱弱的經濟又讓他們找不到其他的出路,因此他們極度反抗新的農業法案。