過去完成時
（The Past Perfect Tense）
過去完成時由助動詞 had＋過去分詞構成。現以動詞 work為例，將過去完成時的肯定式、否定式和疑問式列表如下：
❶表示過去某一時間或某一事件前已發生且已完成的動作或狀態。如：
We had finished the work by nine o clock yesterday.
昨晚九點前我們已完成了工作。
When he got there，the train had already left.
他到了那兒時火車已經開了。
Grace realized she had made a mistake.
格瑞絲意識到她犯了個錯誤。
They had completed the project by the end of 1999.
到1999年底他們已完成了那個項目。
1.—Did you see Tom at the party?
—No, he by the time I got there.
A. left
B. was leaving
C. had left
D. has left
【答案選 C】這句話強調的是「他在我來之前就走了」，「我到達」用的是「got」，過去時，所以他走應該是過去的過去，所以應該用過去完成時。
2. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
A. had known
B. knew
C. have known
D. know
【答案選A】在工廠倒閉之前已經知道這個消息，所以用過去完成時態。
❷表示在過去某一時間或某一事件前已發生但尚未完成的動作或狀態。如：
By July last year，Emma had studied here for 3 years.
到去年七月艾瑪已經在這兒學習了三年了。
When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He her before.
A. never saw
B. had never seen
D. has never seen
C. never sees
【答案選B】由過去時態構成的句子語言環境可以看出，應首先排除 C、D兩個選項。再由句子中的before可以看出是說在那之前從沒見過她，所以用過去完成時表示「過去的過去」，即那之前的一段時間的情況。一般過去時只表示過去某個時間點發生動作或存在情況。
❸過去完成時常用在引述動詞一般過去時後的間接引語中。如：
They said that they had planted the trees on the hillside.
他們說他們把樹種在山坡上了。
Jack told me he had read the book before.
傑克告訴我他以前讀過那本書。
Julie said she had gone to see him the day before.
朱莉說她前一天已經去看過他。
❹用於對過去事實進行虛擬的條件句中。如：
If I had hurried, I wouldn't have missed the train.
如果我快點的話，我就不會誤了火車。
If you had been at the party, you would have met him.
如果你去了晚會，你就會見到他的。
❺ think，want，hope，plan，intend，mean和suppose等詞的過去完成時可以用來表示本來要做而沒做或無法做的事，或沒有實現的希望或意圖。如：
Eve had hoped to see more of China.
伊芙曾希望在中國多觀光一番。
I had intended to be there on time.
我本打算準時去的。
Greta had meant to see her off at the airport.
格瑞塔本打算是要去機場送她的。
❻用於wish後的賓語從句中，表示對過去未做成的事情的某種感嘆或願望。如：
I wish I had been there at that time.
那時候我要在那兒就好了。（事實上我不在那兒。）
I wish I had told him about it.
我要是告訴他那事就好了。（事實上我沒告訴他。）
下期預告：過去將來時