有關泰國大規模抗議，你應該知道的四個問題
Bangkok Is Engulfed by Protests. What’s Driving Them?
RICHARD C. PADDOCK, EMMETT LINDNER
翻譯：Harry Wong
曼谷抗議者已經進行了數周集會活動，要求泰國進行民主改革。ADAM DEAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
BANGKOK — Protests in Thailand that began as a student-led revolt against the military’s influence on the classroom have ballooned to encompass a sweeping range of issues at the heart of the country’s deep-rooted social and economic disparities.曼谷——泰國的抗議活動始於一場由學生領導的活動，抗議軍方對課堂的影響，如今它已擴大到涵蓋泰國社會和經濟不平等的一系列根深蒂固的核心問題。The growing crowds of demonstrators who have been assembling for weeks at peaceful protests across the country have made three primary demands, encapsulated by the slogan 「Resign, Rewrite, Reform.」數周來，越來越多的示威者在全國各地舉行和平抗議活動，提出了三大主要訴求，喊出了概括為「辭職、修憲、改革」的口號。They are calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha, a former army chief and the architect of a 2014 coup; the overhaul of a Constitution he pushed through that took power from citizens and created an appointed Senate; and bringing the monarchy under the purview of the Constitution.他們要求泰國總理巴育·佔奧差(Prayuth Chan-ocha)辭職，後者是前陸軍總司令；徹底修改憲法——正是巴育推動通過的憲法改革從公民手中奪取了權力，打造了一個由委派成員組成的參議院；並將君主政體置於憲法的管轄之下。As the protests have grown, Mr. Prayuth has adopted a more conciliatory approach. But the protesters appear to be unmoved.隨著抗議規模的擴大，巴育採取了溫和一些的態度。但抗議者似乎不為所動。Is Thailand governed by a king? Or the military?泰國君主制受到法律的強力保護，對國王及王室的批評會受到嚴厲的懲罰。ADAM DEAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
Thailand ended its absolute monarchy and established itself as a constitutional monarchy in 1932. But its political system has never found stability for long. The military has played a key role in politics, with a dozen successful coups against elected leaders, most recently in 2006 and 2014. The country is now on its 20th Constitution.泰國在1932年結束了君主專制，建立了君主立憲制。但其政體從未長期穩定過。軍方在政治上發揮著重要作用，成功發動了十幾起針對民選領導人的政變，最近的是在2006年和2014年。泰國現在已經頒布了第20部憲法。The monarchy is protected by Thailand’s powerful lese-majeste law, which can bring a sentence of up to 15 years in prison for making statements deemed critical of members of the royal family.泰國王室受到嚴厲的褻瀆王室法的保護，根據該法，發表被視為批評王室成員的言論，最高可判處15年監禁。Laws on sedition and criminal defamation, as well as a computer crimes law that governs online content, can also be used to limit free speech.關於煽動叛亂和誹謗罪的法律，以及管理網絡內容的計算機犯罪法，也可以用來限制言論自由。泰國總理最近要求警方減少對抗議者的鎮壓。ADAM DEAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
The protesters: They are mostly students, including many in high school, who are unaligned with earlier anti-government factions. Many initially chafed at military-style school rules over their behavior and attire. That dissatisfaction has grown into a broader challenge to the government, the military and the monarchy. A three-finger salute signifying silent rebellion, taken from the 「Hunger Games」 films, has become a symbol of defiance. The protests started in Bangkok and have spread to other provinces.抗議者：他們大多是學生，包括許多高中生，他們與此前的反政府派系沒有結盟。許多學生起初對學校對他們舉止和著裝的軍事化規定感到不滿。這種不滿已發展成為對政府、軍方和君主制的更廣泛挑戰。出自影片《飢餓遊戲》(Hunger Games)表示無聲反抗的三指手勢，已經成為反抗的象徵。抗議活動從曼谷開始，已經蔓延到其他府。The prime minister: As the head of the army in 2014, then-General Prayuth led a coup that ousted a democratically elected government. He has remained as the head of government since then. He pushed through a new Constitution that took effect in 2017, weakening the power of political parties in Parliament, allowing for an appointed Senate and ensuring continued military influence over the government. A newly constituted Parliament elected him prime minister in 2019. Now 66, Mr. Prayuth has refused protesters』 demands that he resign and has called on Parliament to help resolve the conflict.總理：2014年，作為軍方領導人，當時的總司令巴育領導了一場政變，推翻了民選政府。自那以後，他一直擔任政府首腦。他推動通過了一部於2017年生效的新憲法，削弱了議會中政黨的權力，允許對上議院成員進行委派，並確保軍方繼續對政府施加影響力。新組成的議會於2019年推選他為總理。現年66歲的巴育拒絕了抗議者要他辭職的要求，並呼籲議會幫助解決衝突。The king: Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun, 68, one of the world’s richest men, ascended to the throne in 2016 after the death of his father, the revered King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned for seven decades. Since becoming king, Maha Vajiralongkorn has continued to spend most of his time in Germany, returning to Thailand for relatively short periods. He has asserted his authority by taking personal control of the crown assets and by requesting changes to the Constitution after voters ratified it in a junta-controlled 2016 referendum.國王：68歲的瑪哈·哇集拉隆功·博丁德拉德巴亞瓦朗格昆(King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun)是世界上最富有的人之一，2016年，他在父親蒲美蓬·阿杜德(Bhumibol Adulyadej)國王去世後繼位，後者在位70年，受人尊敬。自成為國王以來，瑪哈·哇集拉隆功大部分時間仍在德國生活，留在泰國的時間相對較短。他通過個人名義控制王室資產，並在2016年由軍政府操縱的全民公投得到選民支持後，要求修改憲法來維護自己的權威。The royalists: Supporters of the monarchy, often identifiable by their yellow shirts, have taken to the streets in smaller numbers to counter the student protesters, sometimes clashing with them. Protesters have posted videos online that they say show royalists attacking them.保皇派：這些通常穿著黃衫的君主制支持者中，已經有少數人走上街頭與學生抗議者對壘，有時候還與他們發生衝突。抗議者在網上發布了視頻，稱他們在視頻中遭受了保皇派的攻擊。What are the protesters demanding?三指手勢是抗議者表達反抗的象徵。ADAM DEAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
They are calling on Mr. Prayuth to resign, for the Constitution to be revised and for the king to come under the Constitution’s authority.他們要求巴育下臺，修改憲法，讓國王置於憲法的權威之下。They also call for the dissolution of Parliament, the same body that chose Mr. Prayuth as prime minister and that he has called on to resolve the current conflict.他們還要求解散議會，這正是選擇巴育擔任總理，也是他呼籲解決眼下衝突的機構。Their boldest demand is to limit the power of the monarchy, which has seldom faced a challenge in the last 88 years. Among other steps, they want the king to return control of the crown assets, worth tens of billions of dollars, and to relinquish direct control over certain Thai Army units.他們最大膽的要求是限制君主制的權力，在過去88年裡，這一制度很少面臨挑戰。除此之外，他們還想讓國王將價值數百億美元的王室資產控制權歸還，並放棄對某些泰國軍隊單位的直接控制權。What have been the key events in the protests?10月中旬，政府使用高壓水槍噴灑化學刺激物來對付抗議者。ADAM DEAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
The plaque: In September, thousands of protesters gathered in Bangkok at the biggest pro-democracy rally yet. Afterward, a group placed a plaque near the royal palace that displayed the three-finger salute and read, 「At this place, the people have expressed their will that this country belongs to the people and is not the property of the monarchy, as they have deceived us.」 Officials removed the plaque soon after.牌匾：9月，成千上萬的抗議者聚集在曼谷舉行了迄今為止最大規模的民主集會活動。後來，一群抗議者在王宮附近放置了一塊牌匾，上面有三指手勢，並寫著，「民眾於此表達他們的意志，這個國家屬於人民，並非王室資產，他們欺騙了我們。」官員們很快就拆除了這塊匾。The queen’s motorcade: During an Oct. 14 protest in Bangkok, a limousine carrying Queen Suthida Vajiralongkorn Na Ayudhya unexpectedly drove past a crowd of protesters. Some yelled 「My taxes」 and gave the three-finger salute. Several protesters were later arrested and could face harsh penalties under an obscure law that prohibits 「an act of violence against the queen’s liberty.」 The government issued an emergency decree that banned gatherings of more than four people and authorized sanctions on media outlets deemed to have disseminated false information.王后車隊：在10月14日的曼谷抗議活動中，一輛蘇蒂達·哇集拉隆功·納·阿尤提亞王后(Queen Suthida Vajiralongkorn Na Ayudhya)乘坐的豪華轎車意外地從一群抗議者身邊駛過。有人對其高喊「我的稅呢」，並做出三指手勢。數名抗議者隨後被逮捕，根據一項禁止「針對王后自由的暴力行為」的模糊法律，他們可能面臨嚴厲的懲罰。政府發布了一項緊急狀態令，禁止4人以上的集會，並授權對被認為是散布虛假信息的媒體進行制裁。Water cannons deployed: As thousands of protesters occupied commercial streets in Bangkok on Oct. 16, the police dispersed them with water cannons, spraying liquid that contained blue dye and a chemical irritant. Appalled by this tactic, demonstrators ignored the emergency decree and turned out in even bigger numbers for rallies in the following days. Mr. Prayuth revoked the emergency decree on Oct. 22, a day after acknowledging that Thailand would not become 「a better society through the use of water cannon.」使用高壓水槍：10月16日，當成千上萬的抗議者佔據了曼谷的商業區，警方用高壓水槍驅散了他們，噴灑了含有藍色染料和化學刺激物的液體。示威者對這種做法感到震驚，他們無視緊急狀態令，在此後數日舉行了更大規模的集會。10月22日，巴育撤銷了緊急狀態令，此前一天他承認，「使用高壓水槍」並不能讓泰國變成「一個更好的社會」。Richard C. Paddock自曼谷報導，Emmett Lindner自紐約報導。Muktita Suhartono自曼谷對本文有報導貢獻。
Richard C. Paddock曾在五大洲的50個國家擔任駐外記者，在莫斯科、雅加達、新加坡和曼谷等地進行報導。他花了十幾年時間報導東南亞，自2016年起，他以《紐約時報》撰稿人的身份在該地區進行報導。