展陳技術團隊與相關部門及紀錄頻道進行密切配合，2017始，對古代已「消失建築」進行陸續復原工作。針對各考據文獻和遺址資料的研究與整理，最終為完整重現古代建築奇觀及美術場景設計提供了寶貴的經驗。從2021年起，我們將依次對已復原成果進行展示與介紹。
The exhibition technical team worked closely with relevant departments and record channels to start the restoration of "lost buildings" one after another. In the past two years, the research and arrangement of textual research works and site data have provided a valuable blueprint for the complete reproduction of ancient architectural wonders and scene design. From 2021, we will exhibit and introduce the restoration works in turn.
ORGANIZATION : PIEDPIPER by火星時代
EXPERTS: 楊鴻勳
THE CHIEF DESIGN: 丁雨佳 / 王世尉 / 李嘉瑞
ORGANIZER & TEAM :
Andres / 張楚成
THE RESOURCES:
《通天帝國》、《大唐帝陵》
MING TANG
明 堂
中文別名
萬象神宮
外文名
Vientiane Shrine
建成時間
唐/武周.垂拱四年(公元688年)
所謂明堂，即「明政教之堂」。明堂是最隆重的傳統建築物，用於朝會、布政、秋祭與配祀。是帝王祭祀活動的重要場所。古人認為，明堂可上通天象，下統萬物，是體現天人合一的神聖之地。The so-called Ming Tang is the "Church of Pure Politics and Religion". The Ming Tang is the most solemn traditional building, which is used for meeting in the dynasty, organizing government affairs, offering sacrifices in autumn and offering sacrifices altogether. In the past sacrifices on Mount Tai, Ming Tang was an important place for emperors' sacrificial activities. According to the ancients, the Ming Tang is a sacred place that embodies the unity of heaven and man, perceiving the heaven and ruling the earth.
▼唐.洛陽城鳥瞰
明堂是紫微城正殿。武則天一改《周禮》要求明堂建在城南的傳統，將明堂建在紫微城內，並作為洛陽城的外朝正衙，呼應天上的心宿座，即「法紫微以居中，擬明堂而布政」。
Ming Tang is the main hall of Ziwei City. Wu Zetian changed the tradition of requiring Ming Tang to be built in the south of the city in Zhou Li, and built Ming Tang in Ziwei City, as the official of Luoyang City facing the outside, echoing the seat of the heart in the sky, that is, "the law is drafted on Ziwei, and the government governed in Ming Tang".
當洛陽的公交大樓發掘出超過一萬平米的圓形夯土遺蹟時，人們才終於知道，天堂和明堂並不是傳說.引人注目的是，在這個龐大的圓圈中心，另有一個圓形大柱坑，坑口直徑10米，坑底有4塊柱基石，基石上刻有兩個同心圓，小圓直徑3.87米，大圓直徑4.17米。
More than 10,000 square meters of circular rammed earth reappears. Remarkably, in the center of this huge circle, there is another large circular column pit with a diameter of nearly 10 meters. There are four column cornerstones at the bottom of the pit, and two concentric circles are engraved on the cornerstones. The small circle has a diameter of 3.87 meters and the big circle has a diameter of 4.17 meters.
「凡役數萬人，曳一大木千人，置號頭，頭一，千人齊和。」
---《舊唐書·列傳·卷一百三十三》
▼明堂平面圖復原
▼督造
武則天為稱帝造勢，在明堂設計上一改舊制，創造性地將其修造成上圓下方的樣式，這開創了中國古代建築史上，建築形制由規正變為異形組合的先河，設計者在理念上大膽創新：底層設計方形，法四時；中層設計十二邊形，法十二時辰；第三層設計為二十四邊形，法二十四節氣；殿內分為五室，分別為：青陽、明堂、總章、玄堂、太室。設計後的明堂兼具傳統五行內涵，並對後世建築設計在創新性方面影響深遠。
▼明堂剖面圖手稿
▼督造
明堂的室內功能：
第一層為八邊形，7200平方米，室內淨高約15米，是舉行政治儀式、頒布政令、舉行朝會的場所。
第二層十二邊形，3200平方米，室內淨高約21米，功能暫時未知。
第三層為二十四邊形，1600平方米，室內淨高約23米，供奉有五方天帝神位，是國家級祭祀場所。
The first floor is octagonal, with an area of 7,200 square meters and a clear height indoors of about 15 meters. It is a place for holding political ceremonies, issuing government decrees and holding a meeting. The second floor is dodecagon, with an area of 3,200 square meters and a clear height indoors of about 21 meters, is temporarily unknown in function. The third floor is quadrilateral, covering an area of 1,600 square meters, with an clear height indoors of about 23 meters. It is dedicated to the gods of the Five Heavenly Emperors, and is a national sacrificial place for ancestors.
明堂高度考略：
明堂共分為三層，高度為294唐尺。294唐尺是多高？據日本的《尺度綜考》記載，正倉院所藏唐尺中二十六件的長度單位，經過實測：最短者為29.421釐米，較長的達31.209釐米，二十六件平均長29.75釐米。
The first floor is octagonal, with an area of 7,200 square meters and a clear height indoors of about 15 meters. It is a place for holding political ceremonies, issuing government decrees and holding a meeting. The second floor is dodecagon, with an area of 3,200 square meters and a clear height indoors of about 21 meters, is temporarily unknown in function. The third floor is quadrilateral, covering an area of 1,600 square meters, with an clear height indoors of about 23 meters. It is dedicated to the gods of the Five Heavenly Emperors, and is a national sacrificial place for ancestors.
▼手繪外觀如按照特長值：一唐尺31.209cm計算，則明堂主體建築高度為：294*0.31209≈91.75米，加上頂部高20尺的鍍金鳳凰裝置，總高為：314*0.31209≈98米。可見，明堂曾是世界史上最大的單體木構建築之一，亦為中國傳統建築史上的巔峰之作！
If calculated by the longest Tang ruler, one Tang feet is equal to 31.209cm, but the main building of Ming Tang is 294*0.31209≈91.75 meters high. With the top 20 feet of fire beads, the total height is 314*0.31209≈98 meters. In any case, Ming Tang was once one of the largest single wooden skyscrapers in world history, and it was also the pinnacle of Chinese architectural history!
▼3Dmax
唐代建築的特點是嚴整開朗，形體雄健俊美，鬥拱、橫梁上並不裝飾任何繁複的彩繪，外觀則通常由兩種主漆色疊替，整齊不呆板，古樸又充滿活力。同時梁架製作也大都極為簡練粗獷，牆身通常不負載重量，只起隔擋的作用。
Tang Dynasty architecture is characterized by neat and open, beautiful shape, and the bucket arch is not decorated with complicated colored paintings. The appearance is usually replaced by two kinds of paints, which are ordered and flexible, simple and vigorous. In Tang Dynasty, the fabrication of beam frames was very concise and rough, and at the same time, the wall didn't bear the load, but only acted as a barrier.
隋唐以前的古建築外觀是基本沒有顏色飾面的，大多突出木料的本色為主，以彰顯自然的功能。但到了北魏之後,大型建築的立面開始普遍採用朱紅、白，綠等色系穿插組合 ,開始產生了不同於秦漢時期的另一種鮮豔悅目之視覺美感。
The ancient buildings before the Tang Dynasty had no color, but the essence of the materials and the function of highlighting nature were highlighted. However, in the Sui and Tang dynasties, vermilion and white were used in architecture, producing a vivid, simple and lively visual color beauty.
明堂主體運用了三種平面結構，在立面上形成了遞進式的多變立體層次。每層屋頂均使用重簷進行覆蓋，外觀裝有紅漆板門和典型的唐式綠色楞窗，這種門窗設置看似簡潔，卻是隋唐時期等級最高的宮殿級營造，多用在最正式、最莊重的建築體上。The appearance of Ming Tang has three floors, and each floor uses double eaves, which is the highest level of practice. There’re five floors indoors, in addition to the corresponding three bright floors outdoors, there are two dark floors, which have the function of structural transformation. The whole building is extremely tall, with the highest clear height indoors exceeding 20 meters.
▼初稿復原
▼近景
▼正圖
初始階段，團隊在對明堂建築外觀的著色時，主要參考的是盛唐莫高窟217窟繪畫配色，以赤白，大紅為主調，青綠為輔的彩畫樣式。這也是莫高窟關於唐代壁畫中所流行採用的「青瓦丹柱」風格。
At the beginning, the team mainly referred to the color pattern of Mogao Grottoes 217 in the Tang Dynasty, which mainly consisted of red and white, vermiline, and green. This is also popular in the early Tang Dynasty, "Qing Wadan column" sample decoration.
「垂拱四年，明堂成.頂部金鳳高1丈。鐵鳳入雲，金龍隱霧，去都百餘裡外，遙望見之」！明堂的設計創新與女皇的身份息息相關，故一改過去以龍為尊的男權象徵，採用九龍朝鳳的寓意概念進行建築外延的裝飾，將高達7米的展翅鳳凰設置於頂端，九條金龍環布於第二層，做朝賀姿。
The innovation of Ming Hall is closely related to the empress, so instead of the status of the dragon, the extension of the building is designed according to the concept of the dragon facing the phoenix. A phoenix with wings as high as 7 meters is set on the top, and nine golden dragon rings are placed on the second floor, as a gesture of greeting.
次年，團隊重新對照陳彤先生所復原的佛光寺中關於唐代丹青彩畫的最新研究成果，對明堂外觀的色彩搭配做了最保守化的調整，將門、窗、鬥拱和梁脊等大紅色均改為更貼近隋唐禮制的「土朱」色，以便能更加真實地再現明堂歷史原貌。
In the following year, according to the textual research of Tang Dynasty paintings by Mr. Chen Tong in the Imperial Palace, the vermillion color system of the Ming Hall was greatly adjusted, and the vermillion color was changed to the "earth and vermillion" color similar to the Sui and Tang Dynasty ritual system, so as to be restored more truly.
▼終稿復原
▼明堂與天堂（修建狀態）
明堂的建築形態充分顯示了隋唐時代超高的設計能力和工程水平。在中世紀時期形成了當時世界上最為壯麗的城市天際線。明堂是目前現已確知的中國第三高的木構摩天型建築。另外兩座分別是：北魏.永寧寺塔和武周.天堂。
Ming Tang fully demonstrated the extremely high level of engineering construction in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Ming Tang is the third tallest skyscraper in ancient China (the first and second are Yongning Temple Tower in Northern Wei Dynasty: 299 meters, and Tian Tang in Wuzhou: 294 meters). In the world from 7th to 19th century, Ming Tang was also the largest and highest monolithic palace building.
▼朝霞 | 《帝陵》
▼入夜
▼鳥瞰 | 《帝陵》
武則天稱帝後，明堂成正式為武周王朝的政治中心，開始冠以「萬象神宮」的稱呼。每年在此舉行祭天儀式，同時迎接各國使節。非常值得一提的是：「當明堂建成的次日，女皇放任民眾入紫微城瞻仰萬象神宮， 同時賜予免費酒食，以覽民心.」公開讓國民參觀皇室正殿，是迄今為止在世界歷史上都極為罕見的開放之舉。Ming Tang fully demonstrated the extremely high level of engineering construction in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Ming Tang is the third tallest skyscraper in ancient China (the first and second are Yongning Temple Tower in Northern Wei Dynasty: 299 meters, and Tian Tang in Wuzhou: 294 meters). In the world from 7th to 19th century, Ming Tang was also the largest and highest monolithic palace building.
▼內景空間想像 | 《通天帝國》
我們長期有一種誤解，認為中國古建築受材料限制，沒有類似西方那種極為高大的宗教或紀念性單體建築。但明堂與天堂的橫空出世，讓我們確信隋唐早已實現過木結構的技術性突破。唐朝的石柱用料往往異常粗壯，屋梁橫脊結實厚重，鬥拱也十分巨大，能建造遠超過後世的各類大體量工程。
There is a misconception that ancient Chinese architecture is limited by its materials and does not have the kind of extremely tall religious or monumental monolithic buildings in the West. However, the technical breakthrough of wood structure had been achieved in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The stone columns of the Tang Dynasty were extremely strong, the horizontal ridges of the roof beams were strong and thick, and the brackets were also huge, which could build a large scale project far more than that of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
TIANG TANG
天 堂
天堂是武周紫微城內的禮佛堂，寓意「至高無上之堂」。位於紫微城核心-明堂北側。建成的天堂成為皇城內進行禮佛儀式的重要場所。按《資治通鑑》記載，天堂其高五層，內置一尊巨大的佛像。明堂與天堂即將同時成為洛陽城內的兩座擎天雙柱！
After the Ming Tang was built, Wu Zetian ordered Xue Huaiyi to supervise the creation of Tian Tang for worshipping Buddha. According to the records in History as a Mirror, the Tian Tang was built about 150 meters north of the Ming Tang. It is five stories high and has a huge Buddha statue inside,
▼ 天堂.大佛 | 《通天帝國》
《狄仁傑之通天帝國》中對大佛的展現並非空穴來風的奇幻想像，而是完全符合史實。只是現實中，大佛外圍還有一圈高五層的巨型建築對佛像進行著保護，而這座高大的建築體便是武周時期的天堂，別號為：「通天浮屠」！
The exhibition of the sky-reaching pagoda image in Detective De and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame is not a fantastic imagination, but completely accords with historical facts. It's just that there is a five-story skyscraper around the Big Buddha to protect the Buddha statue. This building is the "Tian Tang" in Wu Zhou period，which is called "sky-reaching pagoda"!
關於天堂高度，史書記述不一，唐人張鷟（zhuó）撰寫的《朝野僉載》中，描述天堂高千尺，其內的大佛像高九百尺：「鼻如千斛船，中容數十人並坐」。但《舊唐書》中沒有記載天堂的具體高度，只是說站在天堂的第三層上就可以俯瞰不遠處的明堂，其堂內有佛像「高百餘尺」，「其小指猶容數十人」。
There are different records about the height of Tian Tang in history books. In the Book 「Chao Ye Qian Zai」, written by Zhang Zhuó of the Tang Dynasty, the height of Tian Tang is thousands of feet (nearly 300 meters), and the big Buddha statue in it is 900 feet high: "The nose is like a thousand coming boats, which dozens of people sit side by side". However, "Old Tang Book" does not record the specific height of Tian Tang. It only says that standing on the third floor of Tian Tang overlooks the hall of the Ming Tang. There are Buddha statues "more than 100 feet high", "their little fingers still hold dozens of people", but "the vastness is inferior to the hall of the Ming Tang".
▼浮屠修建 | 《通天帝國》
《通天帝國》裡只展示了大佛浮屠，卻並未對包裹大佛的外圍五層建築體進行還原。導致很多觀眾第一次看到電影裡孤立的超高造像時，會感覺錯愕，以為是奇幻虛構。其實，用建築體包裹大佛像，是宋代以前非常流行的禮佛類建築形制。團隊在腦補天堂外觀建築的時候，會充分借鑑同類型的「敦煌莫高窟」與「薊縣觀音閣」的架構情況和尺度比例。
The film only shows the pagoda of the giant Buddha, but it does not restore the five-story building surrounding the giant Buddha. So when the public first saw the isolated pagoda in the film, they were shocked. It was a very popular architectural form of Buddha worship before the Song Dynasty to wrap a large Buddha in a building body. The team made full use of the internal and external structure and proportion data of the same type "Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes" and "Guanyin Pavilion in Jixian County" to imagine the appearance of heaven buildings.
天堂外圍建築體與內部大佛結構關係的同類禮佛建築形制參考如下：
▼觀音閣 | 莫高窟 | 圖像中國建築史
上文提到明堂的高度為98米，按千尺計算，天堂的建築體高度應當接近300米。不過郭黛姮教授認為以唐代的工程技術來判斷，目前還無法完全確認這個數據的真實性。所以，我們保守參照《舊唐書》的描述，天堂建築的總高再低，也至少超過150米。這倒與《通天帝國》中所模擬的浮屠數據比例非常接近。
As mentioned above, the algorithm of Tang feet, in terms of 900 feet, the minimum height of Tian Tang is more than 260 meters. This is very close to the simulated data of Buddha statues (66 feet high, 220 meters high) in the Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame. It should be noted that the Tian Tang itself is a tower building built to wrap the Buddha.
▼天堂外觀 | 幻影成像
以巨型圓狀考古基址為基礎，天堂每一級的屋頂猜測均可能為環狀重簷頂，屋頂以小珠落玉盤的形態順勢進行疊加，其建築結構沒有明堂繁複，根據受力情況判斷，整體外觀樣式應該大致呈逐漸向上收縮的態勢。
Based on the giant circular foundation site, the roof of each level of the paradise may be a ring-shaped double eave crest, and its building structure is not as complex as the Ming Hall. According to the stress condition, the overall structure generally presents a trend of gradual upward contraction.
▼天堂內部空間手稿 | 《通天帝國》
天堂建築的外觀因極度缺乏史料，只能僅參照各個教授的考據文獻進行推演，暫按150米的保守高度進行發散式聯想.天堂，這個古代極具野心的浩大工程，其實並未等到它完全竣工的日子，便在公元695年毀於一場人為大火。
Due to the extreme lack of detailed historical data, the appearance of the building was restored by imagination according to the height of 150 meters with only reference to the textual information of Professor Yang Hongxun. Paradise, a hugely ambitious project, was destroyed in a fire in 695 AD before its interior could be completed.
▼天堂與明堂鳥瞰
▼天堂與明堂遠眺
不止天堂，已經建成的明堂也命運多舛，在落成的第7年遭大火毀壞，後進行修繕。直至安史之亂末期的公元762年，唐代宗為平定洛陽叛亂，向回紇乞援，城破後，回紇兵卒在城內肆意劫掠，明堂最終被徹底焚毀.
The already built Ming Hall was also a disaster. Seven years after its completion, it was damaged by fire and later repaired. In 762 AD, at the end of the An Shi Rebellion, Emperor Zong of the Tang Dynasty sought help from the Ouigour people in order to put down the Luoyang rebellion. After the city was destroyed, Ouigour soldiers looted the city and the Ming Hall was completely burned down.
— END —
日月如梭，我們最獨特的東西，就是自己的文化。學術界有句名言：「建築-才是一個民族文化的結晶！」感謝展陳技術團隊一直地熱忱執著和默默耕耘，才得以讓大家重新感受「已消失的建築奇觀」！當我們與電視工作者們共同開始行動時，期盼著打開中國傳統建築藝術研究和文化知識普及的新局面！
Time passes quickly. The most unique thing is our own culture. There is a saying in academic circles: "Architecture is the essence of a national culture." Thanks to exhibition technical team for their enthusiasm, persistence and quiet cultivation. When we started to work together with TV workers, we look forward to cultivating a new field in the study of traditional architectural art!
參與項目：
《大明宮》美術組；
《從秦始皇到漢武帝》建築史學顧問；
《長安十二時辰》美術組；
成 都 展 陳 設 計 專 家
參考文獻：
《營造法式》解讀；
宮殿考古通論；
建築考古學論文集；
預告 | TRAILER：
▼《大明宮》場景1
▼《長安十二時辰》場景1
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