華為 VS. 美國：應對華為，美國的正確做法是保持開放，而不是制裁
經濟學人
5Geopolitics
5G政治
Open standards, not sanctions, are America’s best weapon against Huawei
應對華為，美國最好的武器是開放標準，而不是制裁
America needs a new way to deal with the Chinese telecoms giant. Its own tech industry points the way
美國需要一種新的方式來應對中國電信巨頭。美國技術產業指明了方向
Apr 8th 2020
TECHNOLOGY IS POWER. Whoever controls the global digital infrastructure controls the world. That is why America is so worried about China’s rise as a technological superpower.It also explains why it is going to such lengths, even using European-style industrial policy, to rein in Huawei, China’s leading maker of telecoms equipment. The company leads the world in 5G, the next generation of mobile networks, which are expected to become the central nervous system of the global economy.
技術就是力量。誰控制了全球數字基礎設施，誰就控制了世界。這就是為什麼美國對中國崛起成為一個超級大國如此擔憂的原因。這也解釋了為什麼美國會如此不遺餘力，甚至使用歐洲風格的產業政策來約束華為這一中國電信製造巨頭。該公司在下一代行動網路5G方面處於世界領先地位，預計5G將成為全球經濟的中樞系統。
Yet by any measure America is losing the fight against Huawei, along with what President Donald Trump, steeped inzero-sum thinking, calls the 「race to 5G」. The Chinese firm keeps on growing; the rolloutof 5G in China continues apace; and most of America’s allies have so far ignored its entreaties to ban Huawei gear entirely from their national 5G networks on security grounds. Even so, the Trump administration seems intent on doubling down on its strategy. If hawks have their way, any chipmaker that uses American technology, which nearly all do, will soon have to ask for permission in Washington, DC, to sell its wares to Huawei.
然而，無論以何種標準衡量，美國在與華為的競爭中都將失敗。川普沉浸在零和思維中，美國也將會在他稱之為「5G競賽」的競爭中失敗。華為正不斷發展壯大;5G在中國的推廣仍在加速;而美國的多數盟友迄今仍無視美國基於安全理由，禁止華為的設備完全的請求。即便如此，川普政府似乎仍打算加倍實施其遏制華為的戰略。如果鷹派佔了上風，任何使用美國技術的晶片製造商(幾乎所有晶片製造商都在使用美國技術)，很快就必須獲得華盛頓特區的許可，才能向華為出售自己的產品。
The problem with America’s strategy is that it is trying to win today’s 「tech cold war」, as some call it, with yesterday’s arsenal. In effect it is trying to build animpenetrable wall around Huawei by any means necessary. This is a fool’s errand in a hyper-connected world in which technology and talent can flow freely. It only provides extra incentives for Huawei—and China—to become technologically self-sufficient. If America wants to win the race to 5G and, more generally, the battle for digital supremacy, it needs a new approach. Happily, the country’s own technology industry points the way: it has thrived on openness, software and a healthy balance of competition and co-operation. And that approach is at last now being applied in telecoms.
美國戰略的問題在於，它試圖用過去的武器贏得今天的「科技冷戰」(有人這樣稱呼它)。實際上，它正試圖用任何必要的手段，為華為築起一道不可逾越的牆。在一個技術和人才可以自由流動的高度互聯世界裡，這是一件徒勞無益的事情。這只會給華為和中國提供額外的動力，讓他們在技術上自給自足。如果美國想要在5G競賽中獲勝，或者更廣泛地說，想要在數字霸權之戰中取勝，它需要一種新的方式。令人高興的是，這個國家自己的技術產業指明了方向:它依靠開放、軟體、競爭與合作的健康平衡而蓬勃發展。這種方法現在終於在電信行業得到了應用。
Mobile networks, long dominated by specialised hardware, are becoming defined by software. On April 8th Rakuten, a Japanese online giant, launched the world’s first fully 「virtualised」 mobile network, built using general-purpose hardware and lots of software. Other mobile carriers will follow suit. Such networks would go a long way towards dealing with America’s concern about Huawei: that using the firm’s gear in 5G networks could let the Chinese government interceptdata or sabotage rival economies.
長期以來一直由專業硬體主導的行動網路，正逐漸被軟體所定義。4月8日，日本網絡巨頭樂天(Rakuten)發布了世界上第一個完全「虛擬化」的行動網路，該網絡由通用硬體和大量軟體組成。其他移動運營商也將效仿。這樣的網絡將大大有助於解決美國對華為的擔憂:在5G網絡中使用華為的設備可能會讓中國政府截獲數據或破壞競爭對手的經濟。
Virtualised networks need not rely on one vendor, but can be built with components from many, allowing carriers to pick and choose—and, if necessary, to steer clear of those made in China. They also create an opening for American tech firms, which play only a small role in the mobile-telecoms networks of today. (Many of the components of Rakuten’s network are made in America.) Moreover, such networks are cheaper to develop, make and maintain than conventional ones, because they are made mostly from off-the-shelf hardware, controlled by software—doing away with the argument of many mobile operators, that banning Huawei would force them to buy more expensive kit from Ericsson and Nokia, its main competitors.
虛擬化網絡不需要依賴於一家供應商，而是可以使用來自多家供應商的組件來構建，從而允許運營商進行挑選，如果有必要，還可以避開中國製造的組件。虛擬網絡也為美國的科技公司創造了一個機會，這些公司在當今的移動電信網絡中只扮演了很小的角色。（樂天網絡的許多組件都是美國製造的。）此外，與傳統網絡相比，這種網絡的開發、製造和維護成本更低，因為它們大多是由現成的硬體製成，由軟體控制，這與許多移動運營商的觀點背道而馳，禁止華為將迫使他們從愛立信（Ericsson）和其主要競爭對手諾基亞（Nokia）購買更昂貴的組件。
Admittedly, virtualised networks will not solve all security problems, and the underlyingstandard, called OpenRAN, is not yet mature. But it is early days for all 5G networks. It will take years to roll them out fully and the covid-19 crisis has done nothing to speed up the process. So there is time.
不可否認，虛擬網絡並不能解決所有的安全問題，而且潛在的的OpenRAN標準還不成熟。但所有5G網絡都還處於初期階段，需要數年時間來全面鋪開，而新冠危機對加快這一進程毫無幫助。所以美國還有時間。
The Trump administration and other governments should do all they can to accelerate the development of virtualised networks by subsidisingresearch and perhaps even mandating the use of technical standards that allow mobile networks to be virtualised. All this may sound far-fetched at a time when America’s government appears stuck in the past and incapable of coming up with a coherent strategy. But as in many other domains, covid-19 creates room for new thinking. America will either pursue a tech cold war with an uncertain outcome, or help create an industry of the kind that American tech firms understand and have thrived in—letting Chinese companies join in only if they follow the rules. Sometimes establishing a robust, safe technology is not about concentrating power so much as diffusing it.
川普政府和其他政府應該盡其所能，通過資助研究，甚至授權使用允許行動網路虛擬化的技術標準，加速虛擬網絡的發展。在美國政府似乎固步自封，無力提出連貫一致的戰略之際，所有這些聽起來可能有些牽強。但是，就像在許多其他領域一樣，新冠疫情為新思維創造了空間。美國要麼在結果不確定的情況下繼續進行一場科技冷戰，要麼幫助創建一個美國科技公司並發展起來——只有在中國公司遵守規則的情況下才允許它們加入。有時，建立一種強大、安全的技術與其說是集中力量，不如說是分散力量。
重點詞彙
technological superpower技術巨頭
rein /ren/ n. 韁繩；駕馭；統治；支配vt. 勒住；駕馭；控制
draw rein
停止；勒馬；節省開支；放棄努力
give rein to
對…放任；充分發揮
free rein
n. 完全的行動自由
The company must keep a tight rein on spending.
公司必須嚴格控制支出。
telecoms /'tlk'mjn'kenz/ n. 電信學；電信
double down on加把勁做某事
The proposals are said to range from doubling down on child care tax credits to elder care.
據說，歐巴馬的提案從降低兒童保育稅收抵免到照料老年人。
steep in浸泡；專注於
The curve was last this steep in the early 1990s, before a long boom, and in 2003, as the economy recovered from the dotcom bust.
曲線上次出現這樣的陡直，是在二十世紀九十年代早期一次大繁榮之前和2003年經濟從網絡經濟崩潰陰影中復甦的時候。
zero-sum thinking零和思維
零和思維是博弈論裡的一個概念，意思是雙方博弈，一方得益必然意味著另一方吃虧，一方得益多少，另一方就吃虧多少。之所以稱為「零和」，是因為將勝負雙方的「得」與「失」相加，總數為零。競爭者此長彼消，勝者之所得加敗者之所失等於零」。在零和博弈中，雙方是沒有合作機會的。「零和遊戲」就是：遊戲者有輸有贏，遊戲參與各方的得失總和為零。,在一般情況下，玩者中總有一個贏，一個輸，如果獲勝算為1分，而輸為一l分，那麼，這2人得分之和就是：1+(-1)=0.
rollout /rlat/ n. 首次展示
But even some Democrats are critical of the rollout.
但是儘管如此一些民主黨人仍然提出質疑。
apace /'pes/ adv. 急速地；飛快地，迅速地
This hot spell has been part of a wider trend. Scientists say this proves global warming is accelerating apace.
這次高溫是更大趨勢的一部分，科學家說這表明全球氣溫變暖在加速。
entreaty /n'trit/ n. 乞求；懇求
The Turkish authorities are using a mix of entreaty and threats to ensure they get what they want.
土耳其當局用懇求和威脅的手段確保得到他們想要的東西。
chipmaker晶片製造商
arsenal /'ɑs()n()l/ n. 兵工廠；軍械庫
The gun racks were empty. He took his entire arsenal.
槍架是空的 他拿走了整個軍械庫。
impenetrable /m'pentrb()l/ adj. 不能通過的,不能穿過的
Consequently, above, below, and around the Nautilus, there were impenetrable frozen walls.
這樣，諾第留斯號的四周，上面下面，都是不可通過的冰牆。
a hyper-connected world一個聯繫高度緊密的世界
self-sufficient /'selfs'fint/ adj. 自足的;極為自負的;傲慢的
intercept/nt'sept/vt. 攔截, 截住, 截擊
We gained possession of the ball when Russ intercepted a forward pass.
羅斯截住直傳而過的球時，我們便拿到球了。
sabotage /'sbtɑ/ vt. 妨害；對…採取破壞行動
I now lean towards sabotage as the cause of the crash.
我現在傾向於認為墜機原因是蓄意破壞。
vendor /'vend/ n. 小販；賣主；自動售貨機
You do have to work with suppliers and vendors.
你也會需要和供應商與賣家合作。
conventional /kn'ven()n()l/ adj. 依照慣例的, 約定俗成的, 依照傳統的
This gives renewable electricity priority over conventional power.
這使人們在可再生能源與傳統能源二者中，優先考慮前者。
off-the-shelf /:felf/ adj. 現成的;買來不用改就用的
Greenhouses are easy to buy, quick to erect and, thanks to off-the-shelf kit designed for the purpose, simple to keep clean, too.
由於為建溫室目的而設計現成的成套用品，人們很容易購買到溫室，很快就能建造起來，而且保持清潔也很簡單。
underlying /nd'la/ adj. 根本的, 基礎的；含蓄的, 潛在的
Especially weak are the underlying assumptions of the approach.
這種論證方法最薄弱的一點是隱含的假定。
accelerate /k'selret/ vt. & vi. (使)加快, (使)增速
Catalysts are something used to accelerate chemical action.
催化劑用來加快化學反應。
subsidize /sbsidaiz/ vt. 給…津貼或補貼; 資助或補助…
And many others are getting heavily subsidized private insurance.
另外一大部分人也享受到了私人保險方面的大力補貼。
mandate /'mndet/ n. (選民對選出的代表、議會等的)授權；(上級官員對下級官員下達的)正式命令vt. 將(某地)委託某國管理；授權(某人)根據委託統治權(做某事)
You should follow the doctor's mandate.
你該聽從醫師的命令。
far-fetched /'fɑ:'fett/ adj. 牽強的;未必會的
Those allegations, which many thought far-fetched at the time, have now been formally confirmed.
這些在當時看來站不住腳的指控如今已被官方證實。
thrive in茁壯成長；在……蓬勃發展
They all thrive in the tropical sun.
它們在炎炎烈日下茁壯成長。
diffuse /d'fjuz/ adj. 四散的, 漫射的; 冗長的, 累贅的vt. & vi. (使)擴散, (使)瀰漫, (使)傳播；(使)慢慢混合
This has an effect similar to replacing a large diffuse light fixture
這就好比把許多散射的光