英語講究主語和謂語數量概念的一致,即主語的單複數概念需要和某些時態或語態中謂語動詞的單複數概念一致。主謂一致可以分為語法一致、意義一致和就近一致三種情況。
本節先講語法一致。語法一致指的是形式一致,即主語是單數形式,某些時態或語態中的謂語動詞需要使用第三人稱單數形式;主語是複數形式,謂語動詞則使用複數形式。
一、單數一致
1. 單數名詞(代詞)或不可數名詞充當主語。舉例:
He has got many books. 他有許多書。
A lot of money was spent on travelling. 旅遊花了很多錢。
2. 帶有 one 和 a 但數量大於 1 的主語有時視為單數。舉例:
More than one question was asked. 提出的問題不止一個。(more than one + 單數名詞)
A day or two is enough. 一兩天足夠。(a + 單數名詞 + or two)
Many a young man has tried and failed. 許多年輕人試過卻失敗了。(many a + 單數名詞)
3. 本身以 s 結尾的名詞一般視為單數。舉例:
Politics is often a topic for discussion among us. 政治常常是我們討論的課題。
German measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women. 風疹對孕婦來說是一種危險的疾病。
4. a pair of...+名詞充當主語,意義上雖有可能是複數,但形式上視為單數。舉例:
A pair of gloves is a nice present. 送一副手套是不錯的禮物。
5. 「the number / average / total of + 複數名詞」結構中,其主語是 the number / average / total,不是複數名詞,故要求使用單數動詞。舉例:
The number of chairs in the room is ten. 屋子裡有十把椅子。
6. 分數或百分數+單數名詞或不可數名詞、(a) part of + 單數名詞或不可數名詞、the kind / sort of + 單數名詞或不可數名詞、most of + 單數名詞或不可數名詞充當主語視為單數。舉例:
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面四分之三是水。
Thirty percent of the liquor is alcohol. 這酒的百分之三十是酒精。
7. 單個名詞短語充當主語或單個主語從句視為單數。舉例:
No news is good news. 沒有消息便是好消息。
What he said is true. 他所說的情況屬實。
二、複數一致
1. 複數名詞(代詞)充當主語。舉例:
The boys are playing outside. 孩子們在外面玩耍。
2. 兩個以上的名詞(代詞)並列充當主語。舉例:
English and French grammar are not very difficult to learn. 英語語法和法語語法都不難學。
3. 帶有 one 和 a 但數量大於 1 的主語有時視為複數。舉例:
More members than one have protested against the proposal. 不止一個成員反對這些提議。(more +複數名詞 + than one)
One or two reasons were suggested. 提出了一兩條理由。(one or two + 複數名詞)
4. 「a number / average / total of 複數名詞」結構充當主語視為複數。舉例:
A number of people were injured. 許多人受傷了。
5. 分數或百分數+複數名詞、(a) part of + 複數名詞、this kind / sort of + 複數名詞、most of + 複數名詞充當主語視為複數。舉例:
Three-fourths of the people were illiterate. 四分之三的人是文盲。
Ten percent of the apples are bad. 百分之十的蘋果是爛蘋果。
6. 多個名詞短語充當並列主語或多個主語從句並列視為複數。舉例:
What he said and what he did were always different. 他總是言行不一。
三、 with 或 as well as 構成的介詞短語修飾的主語,要視真正主語的單複數概念來確定主謂一致的形式。舉例:
A teacher, with his students, is seeing an English film. 一位教師正帶著學生們看一部英語影片。
The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting. 學生們和這位教師都出席了會議。
四、「one of + 複數名詞」結構後接定語從句,從句中動詞的單複數形式視其修飾對象而定。舉例:
This is one of the best books that have been published. 這是已出版的最好的書籍之一。
She is the only one of those women who doesn't know anthing about the book. 她是唯一一個不了解該書的女士。