西洋棋規則的演變
The predecessor of modern chess is called Chaturanga, which is believed to have originated in the Gupta Empire, India. The four divisions of Chaturanga, infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry, later evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.
現代西洋棋的前身是恰圖蘭卡，據說它起源於印度的笈多帝國。恰圖蘭卡的四個師，步兵，騎兵，大象和戰車，後來分別演變成了現代的兵，馬，象和車。
Chaturanga
恰圖蘭卡
When Chaturanga was spread to the Middle East, it was given with the Arabic name Shatranj, while the pieces largely retained Persian names.
當恰圖蘭卡傳播到中東時，它被賦予了阿拉伯名字沙特蘭茲，而大部分的棋子都保留了波斯名字。
Shatranj
沙特蘭茲
Shatranj was evolved into modern chess in Europe, where new pieces such as queen and king were added, and the rules were modified. It is noticeable that the evolution of chess rules reflects the social background of an era and how such social context change over time.
沙特蘭茲後來在歐洲演變成了現代西洋棋，其中增加了皇后和國王等新棋子，規則也被修改了。值得注意的是，西洋棋規則的演變反映了一個時代的社會背景以及社會環境隨時間的變化。
The queen of the modern chess is the most powerful piece, which can move any direction as many spaces as it likes. But originally, the queen was the weakest piece on the chessboard! It could move in any direction up to 2 squares on its first turn, and for every move after that it could only move diagonally 1 square at a time.
現代西洋棋中的皇后是最厲害的棋子，它可以向任意方向移動任意數量的格子。但最初，皇后是棋盤上最弱的棋子！它第一步可以向任意方向移動2格，之後的每個回合只能斜著走1格。
The original rules of the queen
後最初的走棋規則
On the one hand, the naming of the queen as a piece indicates that queens or women in general in Medieval Europe had a relatively high status, at least compared to the Muslim world, for there was no piece called "queen" in Shatranj, but instead the corresponding piece was called "vizier," which means a high-ranking political adviser or minister. On the other hand, the limited power of the queen on the chessboard reveals that women's rights and political power were still restricted in Medieval Europe. It wasn't until the late 1400s that the piece Queen was increased to its current powerful status. This change may be correspondent to the increasing political power of the female heirs of the Tudors in the late 1400s. From 1500s, the Bloody Mary and Elizabeth I successively became female monarchs of England.
一方面，棋子以「後」命名表明皇后或普通女性在中世紀的歐洲地位較高，至少與穆斯林世界相比是如此，因為在沙特蘭茲中沒有名為「後」的棋子，而是對應的棋子被命名為「維齊爾」，意思是高級政治顧問或部長。另一方面，後在棋盤上有限的威力也說明了中世紀歐洲婦女的權利和政治權力仍然受到限制。直到15世紀末，棋子「後」才有了現在的強大威力。這一變化可能反應了15世紀晚期都鐸王朝女性繼承人逐漸增長的政治權力。從16世紀開始，血腥瑪麗和伊莉莎白一世相繼成為了英國的女君主。
The moves of the king have never changed. The king was portrayed as a coward in European tradition, with well-known historical figure such as Edward Longshanks and King John of England. Richard the Lionheart was one of the few monarchs who became great military leaders. However, after he returned from the third crusade, he was captured by Leopold V in Vienna, and his crown was taken by his brother John. As a result, the piece King on the chessboard is designed as powerless and needs the protection of other pieces.
王的走法從來沒有變過。在歐洲傳統中，國王被描繪成懦夫，例如著名歷史人物長腿愛德華和英國國王約翰。獅心王理察是為數不多的成為偉大軍事領袖的君主之一。然而，在從第三次十字軍東徵回來後，他在維也納被利奧波德五世俘虜，王位也被他的弟弟約翰奪去。因此，棋盤上的棋子「王」被設定成威力弱小，需要其他子力的保護。
Originally, the bishop could only move for 2 squares diagonally at a time, and for a period of time, it could leap over pieces like the knight. Obviously, naming the original "elephant" after "bishop" indicates the significant role of the bishops in Medieval Europe. However, it is a strange paradox that when the bishops in real life were powerful, their powers on the chessboard were restricted; but when the role of the bishops declined since the Renaissance, their powers on the chessboard increased.
最初，象一次只能斜著走兩格，並且有一段時間它可以像馬一樣跳過棋子走棋。顯然，用「主教」來命名原名為「象」的棋子表明了主教在中世紀歐洲的重要性。但是，當現實生活中的主教大權在握時，他們在棋盤上的威力卻受到了限制；而自文藝復興以來，主教的地位逐漸下降，他們在棋盤上的威力卻反而增加了。這是一個奇怪的自相矛盾。
The original rules for the bishop
象最初的走棋規則
The knight used to be one of the most powerful pieces. The rule itself of the knight's movement does not change over time, but since the pieces queen and bishop have become much more powerful in the modern time, the knight becomes less powerful. It is not difficult to understand that knights in Medieval Europe were brave and resourceful in battle, and played a crucial role in the crusades. Thus the piece Knight was originally designed as powerful.
馬曾經是最厲害的棋子之一。馬的走法的規則本身沒有隨著時間而改變，但是自從棋子後和象在現代變得更加有威力之後，馬就變得不那麼厲害了。不難理解，中世紀歐洲的騎士（馬）英勇善戰、足智多謀，在十字軍東徵中發揮了至關重要的作用。因此，馬最初被設定為非常有威力的棋子。
Gallant knight
英勇的騎士
Similar to the knight, the rook is powerful as a piece as it was in Medieval European culture. "Rook" means castle, fortress, citadel, or tower, solid walls to defend against invaders. Usually, inside these solid walls lived nobles or lords. According to feudal system, nobles and lords provided homage knights with food and shelter, and in return, homage knights had to provide nobles and lords military service. This made nobles and lords living inside the "rook" powerful in military aspects.
與馬相似，車作為棋子也像中世紀歐洲文化中它的角色一樣強大。「車」的意思是城堡、堡壘、城塞或塔，防禦入侵者的堅固的城牆。通常，在堅固的城牆內居住著貴族或領主。根據封建制度，貴族和領主為朝廷騎士提供食物和住所，而朝廷騎士必須向貴族和領主提供軍事服務。這使得生活在「車」裡的貴族和領主在軍事方面擁有強大的力量。
Medieval castle (rook)
中世紀城堡（車）
"Rook" also possesses the significance of cannon, which was the most advanced weapon in the Middle Ages.
「車」還具有炮的含義，是中世紀最先進的武器。
Originally, the pawn could only move forward one square at a time on every turn. Around the 1500s, in order to make the game of chess more exciting, the pawn was allowed to move 2 squares on its first turn.
最初，兵在每次回合中都只能向前走一格。大約在16世紀，為了使西洋棋遊戲更加刺激，兵被允許在它的第一步中走兩格。
How can such modification of the pawn's move be related to the rule for En Passant? We will talk about this next time :)
這樣的對兵的走法的修改與吃過路兵有沒有什麼關係呢？我們下回接著講 :)
---- To Be Continued ----
References:
https://www.regencychess.co.uk/blog/2012/07/chess-noob-10-how-the-rules-of-chess-have-changed-over-the-centuries/
http://ancientchess.com/page/play-shatranj.htm
往期回顧
如何平衡下棋與學業
煙、酒、運動與西洋棋
西洋棋心理學（1）：棋盤上的「戲劇」
西洋棋心理學（2）：策略
棋才輩出的蘇聯（1）：超級大國的崛起
棋才輩出的蘇聯（2）：計算機弈棋的先驅
棋才輩出的蘇聯（3）：桀驁不馴的棋王
棋才輩出的蘇聯（4）：讓機器與人類合作
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