第二章 名詞和限定詞
魯華奇
第一節：什麼是可數名詞和不可數名詞？可數名詞、不可數名詞用法的重難點有哪些？名詞所有格用法的重難點有哪些？
【知識點】
1. 名詞分類
規律總結：個體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數名詞；物質名詞和抽象名詞一般是不可數名詞。
2. 複合名詞的複數有什麼規則？
2.1. 中間沒有連詞符或間隔的複合名詞將最後一個名詞變成複數
housewife housewives
bookshelf bookshelves
2.2. 中間有連詞符或間隔的複合名詞將其中主要的名詞變成複數
passer-by passers-by
daughter-in-law daughters-in-law
editor in chief editors in chief
2.3. 複合名詞的單詞中沒有名詞時，則在最後一個單詞的詞尾加-s
go-between go-betweens
grown-up grown-ups
2.4. 由man, woman作為複合名詞的第一部分，將兩部分都變為複數形式
man cook men cooks
woman doctor women doctors
【例題解析】
(1) There were several looker-ons「旁觀者」on the street.
（解析：複合名詞的複數將主要名詞looker變成複數即可，全句改為：There were severallookers-on「旁觀者」on the street.）
(2) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, andanotheranimals.
（解析：another跟單數可數名詞，應改為other, 全句改為：The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and otheranimals.）
(3) Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
（解析：dozens of「很多」後接可數名詞複數，全句改為：Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens.）
(4) At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, 「The classroom is a place for learning and that includelearning from textbooks, and mistake as well.」
（解析：根據主謂一致單數主語that配單數謂語includes, mistake和textbooks並列，應用複數形式mistakes, 全句改為：At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, 「The classroom is a place for learning and that includeslearning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.」）
(5) The instructor kept repeating the word, 「Speed up!」 「Slow down!」 「Turning left!」
（解析：根據「Speed up!」 「Slow down!」 「Turning left!」可知word應用複數形式words, 全句改為：The instructor kept repeating the words, 「Speed up!」 「Slow down!」 「Turning left!」）
(6) One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.
（解析：根據語境，parent應用複數形式，全句改為：One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.）
(7) For example, we can do reading for one and a half hourand play sports for one hour every day.
（解析： one and a half後應接複數名詞, 全句改為：For example, we can do reading for one and a half hoursand play sports for one hour every day.）
(8) He was tall, with broad shoulderand a beard that turned from black to gray over the year.
（解析：肩膀有兩個，故shoulder改為shoulders, 全句改為：He was tall, with broadshouldersand a beard that turned from black to gray over the year.）
(9) When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cupwith handles to suit British habits.
（解析：由handles「手柄」推知cup應用複數形式cups, 全句改為：When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cupswith handles to suit British habits.）
(10) From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy.
（解析：each of後接複數名詞，全句改為：From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toys.）
(11) In our school, a variety of elective courseare available.
（解析：a variety of「多種」後接複數名詞，全句改為：In our school, a variety of elective coursesare available.）
3. 不可數名詞有哪「三不能」？
物質名詞和抽象名詞一般是不可數名詞
「不可數名詞三不能」：
ü 不能在前面直接加a/an;
ü 不能在詞尾加s或es ;
ü 不能在詞前直接加數字one, two, three…
4. 常見的不可數名詞有哪些？（一般只作為不可數名詞用）
News, information, work（工作）, homework, advice, progress（進步）, weather, fun, luck, music, health, change（零錢）, equipment（設備）, furniture（家具）, jewelry（珠寶）, bread, clothing, traffic（車流，交通）等。
【例題】
(1) Besides, they often get some useful informationsfrom the Internet.
（解析：information為抽象名詞，不可數，不能加s, 全句改為Besides, they often get some useful informationfrom the Internet.）
(2) If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledgeswe cannot get from books.
（解析：knowledge為抽象名詞，不可數，不能加s, 全句改為：If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledgewe cannot get from books.）
(3) This made for the growin the porcelain industry.
（解析：the後面應接名詞，grow本身有名詞形式growth，不用再變成動名詞growing，全句改為：This made for the growthin the porcelain industry.）
(4) It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.
（解析：luggage「行李」為抽象名詞，不可數，不能加s, 全句改為：It felt very strange to travel without any luggage.）
(5) Besides, the table tennis course is also good for character develop.
（解析：「個性的發展」develop應用名詞形式development, 本身有名詞形式，不要改為動名詞，全句改為：Besides, the table tennis course is also good for characterdevelopment.）
(6) Unlessyou have interests in it, write to me.
（解析：名詞interest「興趣」為抽象名詞，根據語境，unless改為if, 全句改為：Unless you have interestin it, write to me.）
(7) I'm looking forward to your kind earliest reply at your convenient.
（解析：your後應接名詞，全句改為：I'm looking forward to your kind earliest reply at your convenience.）
(8) Road safety has aroused the wide attentionsof the public.
（解析：attention「關注」為抽象名詞，不能加s, 全句改為：Road safety has aroused the wide attentionof the public.）
(9) As the student, what can we do to guarantee our safe?
（解析：our後接名詞，safe改為名詞safety, 故全句改為：As the student, what can we do to guarantee our safe?）
(10) If they choose a right time and turn down the music, it will cause less troublesfor others.
（解析：less後接不可數名詞，全句改為：If they choose a right time and turn down the music, it will cause less troublefor others.）
(11) At first I found why I could not keep my balanceson a board easily.
（解析：balance「平衡」為抽象名詞，不能加s, 全句改為：At first I found why I could not keep my balanceon a board easily.）
5. 不可數名詞和可數名詞的如何轉換？
【例題】
(1) He gained his ______ by printing ______ of famous writers. (1995 N)
A. wealth … work B. wealths … works C. wealths … work D. wealth … works
（解析：wealth「財富」為抽象名詞，不可數，work「作品」是可數名詞，許多著名作家的作品，答案選D）
(2) I bought five ____ today.
A. fishes B. fishs C. fish
（解析：fish「魚」，可數名詞，單複數形式相同，答案選C）
(3) There are many different ______ in this river
A. fishes B. fishs C. fish
（解析：fishes「各種各樣的魚」，答案選A）
(4) Would you like some ______ ?
A. fishes B. fishs C. fish
（fish「魚肉」，為不可數名詞，答案選C）
(5) (2000年上海卷 48) If you don't take away all your things from the desk, there won't be enough ____ for my stationery（文具）.
A. area B. place C. room D. surface
（解析：room「空間，餘地」為不可數名詞，答案選C。area「區域」，place「地點，地方」，surface「表面」，注意防止漢語意思的幹擾）
(6) Being able to afford ______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough（艱難的） times.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; / D. /; a
（解析：根據語境表達的是在艱苦的日子裡能買得起一杯飲料或酒是一件愜意的事，這裡抽象名詞drink和comfort轉換為具體的事物，變為可數名詞了，答案選B）
(7) They are not _______ enough to fight the enemy.
A. a man B. man C. men D. the men
（解析：語境表達是他們沒有足夠的男子漢氣概和敵人戰鬥，man「男人氣概，勇氣」，由可數名詞變為不可數的抽象名詞，故答案選B）
(8) The holiday brings us _________.
A. a happiness B. happiness C. happinesses D. the happinesses
（解析：happiness「快樂」，抽象名詞為不可數名詞，答案選B）
(9) It will be __________.
A. a great happiness B. great happiness
C. great happinesses D. the great happinesses
（解析：語境是這是一件令人感到非常快樂的事，抽象名詞happiness轉換為具體的一件事情，變為可數名詞，故答案選A）
(10) It is _______ to interrupt others while they are speaking.
A. a bad manner B. bad manner C. bad manners D. the bad manner
（解析：語境為別人講話時打斷別人是不禮貌的，manners「禮貌」，manner「方式，舉止」，故答案選C）
(11) We have had _______ for nearly two weeks.
A. a good weather B. good weather C. a good weathers D. good weathers
（解析：weather一般作不可數名詞用，故答案選B）
(12) He tried to find _______in that chemical ________.
A. a work; work B. a work; works C. work; works D. works; works
（解析：語境是他想在那家化工廠找工作，work「工作」為不可數名詞，works「工廠」，故答案選C）
(13) There is ______ on your nose.
A. an egg B. the egg C. egg D. eggs
（解析：語境是你的鼻子上有蛋黃或蛋渣，可數名詞egg就轉換為不可數的物質名詞，故答案選C）
(14) All her _____ were invited to the dinner party.
A. relation B. relations C. a relation D. the relations
（解析：語境是她所有的親戚都受到邀請了，relation「關係」為不可數名詞，relations「親戚」為可數名詞，故答案選B）
(15) Some _____ were seen playing football in the street.
A. youth B. few youth C. more youth D. youths
（解析：youth「青年，青春」為不可數名詞，youth「男青年，小夥子」為可數名詞，故答案選D）
6. 名詞作定語修飾後一個名詞有什麼規則？
6.1. 名詞主要用其單數形式做定語，表示材料、類別、用途等
A silk handkerchief
A family dinner
A football player
A movie star
A shoe factory
A car park
6.2. 但有些名詞需要用其複數形式做定語
A jeans shop
A clothes shop
A sports meeting
A glasses store
A sales manager「銷售經理」
A savings bank「儲蓄銀行」
A customs official「海關官員」
【例題】
(1) The ___ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles』 shop
（解析：語境是自行車商店就在拐角處，bicycle作定語修飾後一個名詞，一般用單數形式，故答案選B）
(2) You can often see _______ in our town.
A. lady driver B. lady drivers C. ladies drivers D. ladies-driver
（解析：lady作定語修飾後一個名詞，用單數形式，lady drivers女司機是可數的，故答案選B）
(3) There are only two _____ assistants in that ________ shop.
A. woman; shoe B. women; shoe C. woman; shoe’s D. women; shoes』
（解析：man和woman作定語修飾後一個名詞，用複數形式men和women，這是一個例外，多數情況下，名詞作定語修飾後一個名詞用單數形式如shoe shop，故答案選B）
7. 人稱名詞所有格用法的重難點有哪些？
7.1. 人稱名詞所有格構成規則？
在s結尾的複數名詞後加撇號「』」，
The girls』 uniforms
其他（包括s結尾的單數名詞和不規則複數名詞）加「’s」
A waitress’s job
Doris’s party
Children’s games
【例題】
(1) Generally speaking, the teachers』 wages should be 10 percent higher than the government officials.
（解析：語境是老師的工資應當比政府官員的工資高10%，故officials應改為所有格形式officials』, 前面有wages, 為避免重複可以省略，全句改為：Generally speaking, the teachers』 wages should be 10 percent higher than the government officials』.）
(2) The girl’sshoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into Tom’s car.
（解析：通過後面的them知道girl要用複數，「女孩們的鞋」，故全句改為：The girls’shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into Tom’s car.）
7.2. 人稱名詞所有格規則的例外情況有哪些？
表示時間、距離、國家（或城鎮）等的名詞，雖然屬於無生命的名詞，也常用’s表所有格。如 a ten minutes』 rest; China’s agriculture; Beijing’s street
7.3. 『s所有格後面省略名詞的情況有哪些？
(1) 名詞中心詞已經在上下文中出現過
Mary’s is the largest house
Her memory is like an elephant’s.
(2) 被省略的中心名詞表示某人的家或住宅
The doctor’s is on the other side of the street.
(3) 被省略的中心名詞表示店鋪、公司等
Chinese toys are sold both at Smith’s and Brown’s.
Your mother has gone to the hairdresser’s.
【改錯】
(1) When I was little, Friday’snight was our family game night.
（解析：按習慣，Friday night不需要用所有格，Friday做定語修飾night, 全句改為：When I was little, Fridaynight was our family game night.
(2) When I finally arrived at my friendhe lent to me lots of clothes.
（解析：根據語境，應該是到達我朋友的家，故my friend應改為my friend’s; lend為雙賓及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語lend sb. sth. 全句改為：When I finally arrived at my friend'shelent me lots of clothes.）