現在分詞(doing)和過去分詞(done)都有副詞性質,可以在句中充當狀語,表示時間、條件、原因、讓步、結果、方式或伴隨狀況等。
一、分詞充當狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語一般要和句子主語保持一致。
分詞充當狀語可視為狀語從句的簡化版,前提是狀語從句主語和主句主語一致。舉例:
1. While I was walking in the street, I saw him.
時間狀語從句主語和主句主語都是 I,於是,該句可簡化為;
(While) Walking in the street, I saw him. 我走在大街上,看到了他。(現在分詞短語作時間狀語)
2. Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
原因狀語從句主語和主句主語都是 he,於是,該句可簡化為:
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 淋了一場大雨,他渾身都溼透了。(過去分詞短語作原因狀語)
二、懸垂分詞
1. 一般的懸垂分詞是指分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致或在句中無法找到,因而被認為是錯誤的句子。舉例:
Looking out of the window, there are a lot of mountains. 錯句
2. 某些懸垂分詞的邏輯主語雖然不是句子主語,但在下列情況下也是可以被接受的。舉例:
Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind. 不論走路還是睡覺,我總想著這個問題。(分詞的邏輯主語是 my)
Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. 我們使用電能時必須改變其形狀。(分詞的邏輯主語是泛指代詞「我們」)
3. 有些約定俗成的分詞短語可視為獨立狀語成分,無需考慮其與邏輯主語的主動或被動關係,常見的獨立成分有:
generally (strictly, etc.) speaking 一般(嚴格……)來說
judging from / by... 從……來判斷
talking of... 說起……
allowing for / considering... 考慮到……
counting... 算上……
assuming / supposing... 假定……
taken as a whole 總的來說
compared with... 與……相比較
舉例:
Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 聽他口音,肯定是個南方人。
Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the book. 總的來講,這本書沒有問題。